TY  - GEN
N2  - The Japanese invasion of Shanghai in 1937 led some thirty million Chinese to flee their homes in terror, and live-in the words of artist and writer Feng Zikai-"in a sea of bitterness" as refugees. Keith Schoppa paints a comprehensive picture of the refugee experience in one province-Zhejiang, on the central Chinese coast-where the Japanese launched major early offensives as well as notorious later campaigns. He recounts stories of both heroes and villains, of choices poorly made amid war's bewildering violence, of risks bravely taken despite an almost palpable quaking fear.As they traveled south into China's interior, refugees stepped backward in time, sometimes as far as the nineteenth century, their journeys revealing the superficiality of China's modernization. Memoirs and oral histories allow Schoppa to follow the footsteps of the young and old, elite and non-elite, as they fled through unfamiliar terrain and coped with unimaginable physical and psychological difficulties. Within the context of Chinese culture, being forced to leave home was profoundly threatening to one's sense of identity. Not just people but whole institutions also fled from Japanese occupation, and Schoppa considers schools, governments, and businesses as refugees with narratives of their own.Local governments responded variously to Japanese attacks, from enacting scorched-earth policies to offering rewards for the capture of plague-infected rats in the aftermath of germ warfare. While at times these official procedures improved the situation for refugees, more often-as Schoppa describes in moving detail-they only deepened the tragedy.
DO  - 10.4159/harvard.9780674062986
DO  - doi
AB  - The Japanese invasion of Shanghai in 1937 led some thirty million Chinese to flee their homes in terror, and live-in the words of artist and writer Feng Zikai-"in a sea of bitterness" as refugees. Keith Schoppa paints a comprehensive picture of the refugee experience in one province-Zhejiang, on the central Chinese coast-where the Japanese launched major early offensives as well as notorious later campaigns. He recounts stories of both heroes and villains, of choices poorly made amid war's bewildering violence, of risks bravely taken despite an almost palpable quaking fear.As they traveled south into China's interior, refugees stepped backward in time, sometimes as far as the nineteenth century, their journeys revealing the superficiality of China's modernization. Memoirs and oral histories allow Schoppa to follow the footsteps of the young and old, elite and non-elite, as they fled through unfamiliar terrain and coped with unimaginable physical and psychological difficulties. Within the context of Chinese culture, being forced to leave home was profoundly threatening to one's sense of identity. Not just people but whole institutions also fled from Japanese occupation, and Schoppa considers schools, governments, and businesses as refugees with narratives of their own.Local governments responded variously to Japanese attacks, from enacting scorched-earth policies to offering rewards for the capture of plague-infected rats in the aftermath of germ warfare. While at times these official procedures improved the situation for refugees, more often-as Schoppa describes in moving detail-they only deepened the tragedy.
T1  - In a Sea of Bitterness :Refugees during the Sino-Japanese War /
AU  - Schoppa, R. Keith,
JF  - Asian Studies Backlist (2000-2014) eBook Package
JF  - E-BOOK GESAMTPAKET / COMPLETE PACKAGE 2011
JF  - E-BOOK PACKAGE ENGLISH LANGUAGES TITLES 2011
JF  - E-BOOK PAKET PHILOSOPHIE UND GESCHICHTE 2011
JF  - HUP Complete eBook Package 2011-2014
JF  - HUP eBook Package 2011
JF  - HUP eBook Package Backlist 2000-2013
JF  - HUP eBook Package Backlist 2000-2014
JF  - HUP eBook Package Backlist 2000-2015
EP  - ZDB-23-DGG
EP  - ZDB-23-DGE
CN  - DS777.533.R45 -- S36 2011eb
LA  - eng
LA  - In English.
ID  - 1479033
KW  - Sino-Japanese War, 1937-1945
KW  - HISTORY / Asia / China.
SN  - 9780674062986
TI  - In a Sea of Bitterness :Refugees during the Sino-Japanese War /
LK  - https://univsouthin.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://univsouthin.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://www.degruyter.com/isbn/9780674062986
UR  - https://univsouthin.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://univsouthin.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://www.degruyter.com/isbn/9780674062986
ER  -