Intro
Contents
Contributors
1: Introduction
References
2: General Principles of Ultrasound
2.1 Introduction
2.2 What Happens to Sound Waves as They Travel?
2.2.1 Attenuation
2.2.2 Reflection
2.2.3 Refraction
2.2.4 Scattering
2.3 How Is an Ultrasound Image Generated?
2.4 Principles of Pulsed Echo
2.5 Transducers and Image Formation
2.6 Principles of Doppler Ultrasound
2.7 Limitations of Diagnostic Ultrasound
2.8 Ultrasound Artefacts
2.9 Artefacts Related to 2D Imaging
2.10 Artefacts Related to Doppler Imaging
Further Reading

I: Heart
3: Detection and Interpretation of Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction by Basic Critical Care Echocardiography
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Physiology and Anatomy of the Left Ventricle
3.3 Main Parameters of LV Systolic Function
3.4 Clinical Applications
References
4: Evaluation for Right Ventricular Failure
4.1 Introduction
4.2 From Physiology to Right Ventricular Failure
4.3 Two-Dimensional Assessment of the Normal Right Ventricle
4.4 Assessment of Right Ventricular Failure
4.4.1 Right Ventricular Size

4.4.2 Assessment of the Pattern of Contraction of the Interventricular Septum
4.4.3 Assessment of the Inferior Vena Cava
4.4.4 Assessment of Right Ventricular Free Wall Thickness
4.5 Proposed Diagnostic Algorithm
4.6 Conclusion
References
5: Evaluation of Haemodynamically Important Pericardial Effusion
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Anatomy
5.3 Aetiology
5.4 Classification and Physiology
5.5 Evaluation of Pericardial Effusion
5.5.1 Signs and Symptoms
5.6 Echocardiographic Evaluation of Pericardial Collection
5.6.1 Two-Dimensional Echocardiography Assessment

5.6.2 Haemodynamic Assessment Using Spectral Doppler Analysis
5.7 Confounders in Clinical and Echocardiographic Examination
5.8 Clinical Decision-Making
References
6: Evaluation for Severe Hypovolemia
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 The Physiology of Absolute Hypovolemia
6.1.2 Causes of Severe Hypovolemia
6.1.3 Ultrasonography for Diagnosis of Severe Hypovolemia
6.2 Basic Echocardiography for Identification of Severe Hypovolemia
6.2.1 Inferior Vena Cava
6.2.2 Left Ventricular End Diastolic Area
6.2.3 Advanced Critical Care Echocardiography

6.3 Identification of the Source of Severe Hypovolemia
References
7: Evaluation for Acute, Severe Left-Sided Valvulopathy
7.1 Introduction
7.2 General Considerations for Valve Interrogation
7.3 Emergency Lesions
7.3.1 Aortic Regurgitation
7.3.1.1 Etiology of Aortic Regurgitation
7.3.1.2 Detection of Aortic Regurgitation
7.3.1.3 Management
7.3.2 Mitral Regurgitation
7.3.2.1 Etiology of Mitral Regurgitation
7.3.2.2 Detection of Mitral Regurgitation
7.3.2.3 Management
7.3.3 Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction
7.3.3.1 Management