Intro
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
Part I: The Basics
1: Clinical Presentation
1.1 Incidental Finding of a Cardiac Murmur
1.1.1 Innocent Murmurs
1.1.2 Pathological Murmurs
1.2 Heart Failure
1.2.1 Concept of Heart Failure
1.2.2 Causes of Heart Failure
1.2.3 Clinical Manifestations of Heart Failure
1.2.4 Quantifying Severity of Heart Failure
1.3 Shock
1.3.1 Clinical Recognition of Shock
1.3.2 Types of Shock
1.3.3 Cardiogenic Shock
1.4 Cyanosis in the Newborn
1.4.1 Causes of Cyanosis

1.4.2 Clinical Approach
1.4.2.1 History Taking
1.4.2.2 Physical Examination
1.4.2.3 Investigations
1.5 Chest Pain
1.5.1 Causes of Chest Pain
1.5.2 Clinical Approach
1.5.2.1 History Taking
1.5.2.2 Physical Examination
1.5.2.3 Further Investigations
1.6 Syncope
1.6.1 Causes of Syncope
1.6.2 Clinical Approach
1.6.2.1 History Taking
1.6.2.2 Physical Examination
1.6.2.3 Further Investigations
1.7 Sudden Cardiac Arrest
1.7.1 Causes of Sudden Cardiac Arrest
1.7.2 Clinical Approach
1.7.2.1 History Taking

1.7.2.2 Physical Examination
1.7.2.3 Further Investigations
1.8 Palpitations
1.9 Newborn Screening
1.9.1 Targeted Critical Congenital Heart Defects
1.9.2 Strategies for Pulse Oximetry Screening
1.9.2.1 Screening Algorithm
1.9.2.2 Assessment of Newborns with Failed Screening
1.9.2.3 Newborns with Negative Screening
2: History Taking
2.1 Framework of Paediatric History Taking
2.1.1 Introduction
2.1.2 Presenting Complaints
2.1.3 History of Presenting Problems
2.1.4 Systemic Enquiry
2.1.5 Antenatal and Perinatal History

2.1.6 Past Medical History
2.1.7 Developmental History
2.1.8 Immunization History
2.1.9 Contact and Clustering History
2.1.10 Family History
2.1.11 Social History
2.2 Outcomes After History Taking
3: Paediatric Cardiovascular Examination
3.1 Framework of Paediatric Cardiovascular Examination
3.1.1 General Inspection
3.1.1.1 Growth
3.1.1.2 Dysmorphism
3.1.1.3 Cyanosis
3.1.1.4 Hand and Feet
3.1.1.5 Dependent Oedema
3.1.2 Pulse Examination
3.1.3 Praecordial Inspection
3.1.3.1 Respiratory Distress
3.1.3.2 Harrison's Sulcus

3.1.3.3 Chest Deformities
3.1.3.4 Surgical Scars
3.1.3.5 Cardiac Pulsation
3.1.3.6 Jugular Venous Pulse
3.1.4 Praecordial Palpation
3.1.4.1 Localization of Cardiac Apex
3.1.4.2 Assessment of Cardiac Impulse
3.1.4.3 Detection of Praecordial Thrill
3.1.4.4 Feel for Suprasternal Pulsation
3.1.5 Auscultation
3.1.5.1 Use of Stethoscope
3.1.5.2 Auscultatory Areas
3.1.5.3 Repositioning of Patient
3.1.5.4 Heart Sounds and Added Sounds
3.1.5.5 Heart Murmurs
3.1.6 Examination of the Chest and Abdomen
4: Chest Radiograph
4.1 Heart Size