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Table of Contents
Intro
Foreword
Foreword (First Edition)
Preface
Contents
1: General Principles of Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Physics and CMR Hardware
1.2.1 T1 Relaxation
1.2.2 T2 Relaxation
1.2.3 Image Formation
1.2.4 MRI Hardware
1.2.5 Pulse Sequences
1.3 Prospective Triggering/Retrospective Gating
1.4 ECG Signal
1.5 Respiration
1.6 Contrast Agents
1.7 Remaining Motionless in the CMR Scanner: Anesthesia and Sedation
1.8 The Standard Pediatric/Congenital Heart Disease Examination
1.8.1 Axial Imaging (Fig. 1.18)
1.8.2 Multiplanar Reconstruction
1.8.3 Dark Blood Imaging (Figs. 1.8 and 1.20)
1.8.4 Cine (Figs. 1.10, 1.13, 1.15, 1.16, and 1.17)
1.8.5 Phase Contrast (Encoded) Magnetic Resonance (PCMR) (Figs. 1.13, 1.14, 1.21, 1.22, and 1.23) [38-46]
1.8.5.1 Flow Quantification
1.8.5.2 Velocity Measurements
1.8.5.3 Flow Visualization
1.8.5.4 Myocardial Velocimetry
1.8.5.5 Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA) (Figs. 1.20, 1.21, 1.24, and 1.25)
1.8.5.6 Viability (Delayed Enhancement) (Figs. 1.7 and 1.10) [64]
1.8.5.7 Multiparametric Mapping (Fig. 1.8)
1.9 Other Sections of the CMR Protocol
1.9.1 Coronary Artery Imaging (Fig. 1.6) [84, 85]
1.9.2 Perfusion Imaging (Fig. 1.9)
1.9.3 Myocardial Strain
1.9.4 Tumor/Mass Characterization (Figs. 1.8, 1.9, and 1.10)
1.9.5 Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia
1.9.6 Other Techniques
References
2: MRI Safety
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Safety Risks from MRI Scanner
2.3 Force and Torque Effects
2.4 Magnetohydrodynamic Effect
2.5 Gradient Noise
2.6 Peripheral Nerve Stimulation
2.7 RF Heating
2.8 Additional Safety Risks Due to Implants
2.9 Gadolinium-Based MR Contrast Agents
2.9.1 Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis (NSF)
2.9.2 Types of GBCM
2.9.3 Regulatory Position
2.9.3.1 FDA
2.9.3.2 Position of the American College of Radiology (ACR)
Group II Agents
Group I Agents
Group III Agents
2.9.3.3 Position of the European Medicines Agency (EMA)
2.10 Stress Medication for CMR
2.11 Pregnancy and MRI
2.11.1 Pregnancy of Healthcare Practitioner
2.11.2 Pregnancy of Patient
2.12 Patient Screening
2.13 Patient Monitoring and Emergency Situations
2.14 Conclusion
References
3: Gadolinium-Based Contrast Agents
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Basic Structure and Physics of Gadolinium-Based Contrast Media
3.3 Utilization of GBCA in Cardiovascular MRI
3.4 Adverse Events
3.4.1 Allergic-Like Reactions
3.4.2 Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis
3.4.3 Brain Deposition of Gadolinium
3.4.4 Extravasation
3.5 Issues with Specific GBCAs
3.5.1 Transient Dyspnea
3.5.2 Serum Calcium Measurement
3.6 Special Populations
3.6.1 Children
Foreword
Foreword (First Edition)
Preface
Contents
1: General Principles of Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Physics and CMR Hardware
1.2.1 T1 Relaxation
1.2.2 T2 Relaxation
1.2.3 Image Formation
1.2.4 MRI Hardware
1.2.5 Pulse Sequences
1.3 Prospective Triggering/Retrospective Gating
1.4 ECG Signal
1.5 Respiration
1.6 Contrast Agents
1.7 Remaining Motionless in the CMR Scanner: Anesthesia and Sedation
1.8 The Standard Pediatric/Congenital Heart Disease Examination
1.8.1 Axial Imaging (Fig. 1.18)
1.8.2 Multiplanar Reconstruction
1.8.3 Dark Blood Imaging (Figs. 1.8 and 1.20)
1.8.4 Cine (Figs. 1.10, 1.13, 1.15, 1.16, and 1.17)
1.8.5 Phase Contrast (Encoded) Magnetic Resonance (PCMR) (Figs. 1.13, 1.14, 1.21, 1.22, and 1.23) [38-46]
1.8.5.1 Flow Quantification
1.8.5.2 Velocity Measurements
1.8.5.3 Flow Visualization
1.8.5.4 Myocardial Velocimetry
1.8.5.5 Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA) (Figs. 1.20, 1.21, 1.24, and 1.25)
1.8.5.6 Viability (Delayed Enhancement) (Figs. 1.7 and 1.10) [64]
1.8.5.7 Multiparametric Mapping (Fig. 1.8)
1.9 Other Sections of the CMR Protocol
1.9.1 Coronary Artery Imaging (Fig. 1.6) [84, 85]
1.9.2 Perfusion Imaging (Fig. 1.9)
1.9.3 Myocardial Strain
1.9.4 Tumor/Mass Characterization (Figs. 1.8, 1.9, and 1.10)
1.9.5 Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia
1.9.6 Other Techniques
References
2: MRI Safety
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Safety Risks from MRI Scanner
2.3 Force and Torque Effects
2.4 Magnetohydrodynamic Effect
2.5 Gradient Noise
2.6 Peripheral Nerve Stimulation
2.7 RF Heating
2.8 Additional Safety Risks Due to Implants
2.9 Gadolinium-Based MR Contrast Agents
2.9.1 Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis (NSF)
2.9.2 Types of GBCM
2.9.3 Regulatory Position
2.9.3.1 FDA
2.9.3.2 Position of the American College of Radiology (ACR)
Group II Agents
Group I Agents
Group III Agents
2.9.3.3 Position of the European Medicines Agency (EMA)
2.10 Stress Medication for CMR
2.11 Pregnancy and MRI
2.11.1 Pregnancy of Healthcare Practitioner
2.11.2 Pregnancy of Patient
2.12 Patient Screening
2.13 Patient Monitoring and Emergency Situations
2.14 Conclusion
References
3: Gadolinium-Based Contrast Agents
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Basic Structure and Physics of Gadolinium-Based Contrast Media
3.3 Utilization of GBCA in Cardiovascular MRI
3.4 Adverse Events
3.4.1 Allergic-Like Reactions
3.4.2 Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis
3.4.3 Brain Deposition of Gadolinium
3.4.4 Extravasation
3.5 Issues with Specific GBCAs
3.5.1 Transient Dyspnea
3.5.2 Serum Calcium Measurement
3.6 Special Populations
3.6.1 Children