Intro
Contents
Part I: Bone and Osteopathies
1: Bone Structure and Metabolism
1.1 Bone and Its Function
1.2 Structure of Bone Tissue
1.3 Bone Remodeling
1.4 Effect of Mechanics on the Bone
1.5 Bone Mass Homeostasis
1.5.1 Calcium
1.5.2 Phosphate
1.6 Hormones
1.6.1 Vitamin D
1.6.2 Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
1.6.3 Calcitonin
1.6.4 Growth Hormone (GH)
1.6.5 Insulin
1.6.6 Leptin
1.6.7 Androgens
1.6.8 Estrogens
1.6.9 Glucocorticoids
1.7 Metabolic Diseases
1.7.1 Osteoporosis

1.7.2 Südeck's Dystrophy or Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy
1.7.3 Renal Osteodystrophy
1.7.4 Paget's Disease
1.7.5 Osteopetrosis or Albers-Schönberg Disease or Marble Bone Disease
1.7.6 Osteomalacia and Rickets
1.7.7 Vitamin C Deficiency (Scurvy)
Further Reading
2: Osteoporosis
2.1 Definition
2.2 Classification
2.3 Risk Factors
2.4 Prevention
2.5 Diagnosis
2.6 Therapy
2.6.1 Bisphosphonates
2.6.2 Denosumab
2.6.3 Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators
2.6.4 Abaloparatide and Teriparatide
2.6.5 Romosozumab
Further Reading

3: Paget's Disease of Bone
3.1 Disease Definition
3.2 Epidemiology
3.3 Clinical Presentation
3.4 Clinical Diagnosis
3.4.1 Radiological Diagnosis
3.4.2 Biochemical Screenings
3.5 Genetics of PDB and Genetic Diagnosis
3.6 Therapy
Further Reading
Part II: Systemic Diseases of the Musculoskeletal System
4: Endocrine Abnormalities Affecting the Musculoskeletal System
4.1 Hypersomatotropism (Acromegaly and Gigantism)
4.1.1 Definition
4.1.2 Epidemiology
4.1.3 Aetiology/Pathogenesis
4.1.4 Diagnosis
4.1.4.1 Clinical Diagnosis

4.1.4.2 Musculoskeletal Involvement in Gigantism and Acromegaly
4.1.5 Treatment
4.2 Hyposomatotropism (Pituitary Dwarfism or GH Deficiency)
4.2.1 Definition
4.2.2 Epidemiology
4.2.3 Aetiology/Pathogenesis
4.2.4 Diagnosis
4.2.5 Treatment
4.3 Hyperthyroidism
4.3.1 Definition
4.3.2 Epidemiology
4.3.3 Aetiology/Pathogenesis
4.3.4 Diagnosis
4.3.5 Treatment
4.4 Hypothyroidism
4.4.1 Definition
4.4.2 Epidemiology
4.4.3 Aetiology/Pathogenesis
4.4.4 Diagnosis
4.4.4.1 Congenital Hypothyroidism
4.4.4.2 Autoimmune Hypothyroidism

4.4.5 Treatment
4.5 Hyperparathyroidism
4.5.1 Definition
4.5.2 Epidemiology
4.5.3 Aetiology/Pathogenesis
4.5.4 Diagnosis
4.5.5 Treatment
4.6 Hypoparathyroidism
4.6.1 Definition
4.6.2 Epidemiology
4.6.3 Aetiology/Pathogenesis
4.6.4 Diagnosis
4.6.5 Treatment
4.7 Hypercortisolism
4.7.1 Definition
4.7.2 Epidemiology
4.7.3 Aetiology/Pathogenesis
4.7.4 Diagnosis
4.7.5 Treatment
4.8 Hypocorticosurrenalism
4.8.1 Definition
4.8.2 Epidemiology
4.8.3 Aetiology/Pathogenesis
4.8.4 Diagnosis
4.8.5 Treatment