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Table of Contents
Intro
Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
About the Authors
List of Figures
List of Tables
1 Historical Background: Transformed Landscapes and the Impact of Human-Nature Interaction in the Interoceanic Region (6000 BC-1950)
1.1 Environmental Description of the Pacific Transisthmian Region
1.2 Background: The Cultural Landscape and Environmental Changes in the Interoceanic Region
1.2.1 Pre-Hispanic Stage
1.2.2 Impact of Interoceanic Transit During the Colony
1.2.3 The Interoceanic Railway Metabolism Landscape
1.2.4 Impact of French Canal Construction
1.3 United States Canal Construction (1904-1914)
1.3.1 Environmental Transformations of the US Canal Construction
1.4 The Defenses of the Panama Canal in the Early Twentieth Century
1.4.1 The Canal Defense Plan and Cronkhite Commission
1.4.2 Before Clayton: Environmental Historic Approach
1.4.3 Livestock as a Defense Strategy for the Canal and Its Impact in the Repopulation of the Forests (1916-1950)
References
2 Fort Clayton's Urbanism and Architecture
2.1 Brief Background of Early Twentieth-Century Urban Planning
2.1.1 Urban Planning, Zoning, and Racial Segregation in the Canal Zone
2.2 Historical Stages of Urban Growth of Fort Clayton
2.2.1 Period of Urban Military Development
2.2.2 Stages of Suburb Expansions of Fort Clayton and Their Formal Background
2.3 The Architecture of Fort Clayton Through the Twentieth Century
2.3.1 Architecture from 1919 to 1922
2.3.2 Architecture from 1923 to 1932
2.3.3 Architecture from 1933 to 1939
2.3.4 Architecture from 1932 to 1939
2.3.5 Architecture from 1940 to 1943
2.3.6 Architecture from 1948 to 1949
2.3.7 Architecture from 1950 to 1960
2.3.8 Architecture from 1960 to 1969
2.4 Fort Clayton Urban Housing Final Review
References
3 The Construction of Sanitary Urban and Anti-Mosquito Landscaping in the Canal Zone
3.1 Miasmatic Theory, Malaria, Health, and the Conception of the Tropics
3.2 Sanitary Approaches During the French Canal Construction
3.3 The Hygienic City in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries in the United States
3.4 Sanitary Situation in Panama at the Beginning of the Twentieth Century
3.5 The Canal Zone Suburban Model and Its Sanitary Scope
3.6 Influence of Malaria and Yellow Fever Mosquitoes' Ecology in Building Regulations, Architecture, and Landscape
3.6.1 Aedes Ecology Influence on Sanitary Solutions
3.6.2 Anopheles Ecology Influence on Sanitary Solutions
3.7 Mosquito Control Influence on the Fort Clayton Urban Landscape
References
4 Historical, Cultural, and Urban Analysis of the Landscaping of the Canal Zone. Case of Fort Clayton
4.1 Landscaping and the Construction of Human Habitat
4.2 Influence of the French Canal Era on the Landscaping of the Canal Zone
Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
About the Authors
List of Figures
List of Tables
1 Historical Background: Transformed Landscapes and the Impact of Human-Nature Interaction in the Interoceanic Region (6000 BC-1950)
1.1 Environmental Description of the Pacific Transisthmian Region
1.2 Background: The Cultural Landscape and Environmental Changes in the Interoceanic Region
1.2.1 Pre-Hispanic Stage
1.2.2 Impact of Interoceanic Transit During the Colony
1.2.3 The Interoceanic Railway Metabolism Landscape
1.2.4 Impact of French Canal Construction
1.3 United States Canal Construction (1904-1914)
1.3.1 Environmental Transformations of the US Canal Construction
1.4 The Defenses of the Panama Canal in the Early Twentieth Century
1.4.1 The Canal Defense Plan and Cronkhite Commission
1.4.2 Before Clayton: Environmental Historic Approach
1.4.3 Livestock as a Defense Strategy for the Canal and Its Impact in the Repopulation of the Forests (1916-1950)
References
2 Fort Clayton's Urbanism and Architecture
2.1 Brief Background of Early Twentieth-Century Urban Planning
2.1.1 Urban Planning, Zoning, and Racial Segregation in the Canal Zone
2.2 Historical Stages of Urban Growth of Fort Clayton
2.2.1 Period of Urban Military Development
2.2.2 Stages of Suburb Expansions of Fort Clayton and Their Formal Background
2.3 The Architecture of Fort Clayton Through the Twentieth Century
2.3.1 Architecture from 1919 to 1922
2.3.2 Architecture from 1923 to 1932
2.3.3 Architecture from 1933 to 1939
2.3.4 Architecture from 1932 to 1939
2.3.5 Architecture from 1940 to 1943
2.3.6 Architecture from 1948 to 1949
2.3.7 Architecture from 1950 to 1960
2.3.8 Architecture from 1960 to 1969
2.4 Fort Clayton Urban Housing Final Review
References
3 The Construction of Sanitary Urban and Anti-Mosquito Landscaping in the Canal Zone
3.1 Miasmatic Theory, Malaria, Health, and the Conception of the Tropics
3.2 Sanitary Approaches During the French Canal Construction
3.3 The Hygienic City in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries in the United States
3.4 Sanitary Situation in Panama at the Beginning of the Twentieth Century
3.5 The Canal Zone Suburban Model and Its Sanitary Scope
3.6 Influence of Malaria and Yellow Fever Mosquitoes' Ecology in Building Regulations, Architecture, and Landscape
3.6.1 Aedes Ecology Influence on Sanitary Solutions
3.6.2 Anopheles Ecology Influence on Sanitary Solutions
3.7 Mosquito Control Influence on the Fort Clayton Urban Landscape
References
4 Historical, Cultural, and Urban Analysis of the Landscaping of the Canal Zone. Case of Fort Clayton
4.1 Landscaping and the Construction of Human Habitat
4.2 Influence of the French Canal Era on the Landscaping of the Canal Zone