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Table of Contents
Intro
Preface
Contents
Editors and Contributors
List of Figures
List of Tables
Insights About Smart Buildings and Sustainable Cities: An Editorial to the Book
1 A General Overview
2 The Role of Smart Buildings
3 The Role of Sustainable Cities
4 A Look Inside This Book
5 Beyond the Book: Future Directions
6 Final Thoughts
Exploring the Smart and Sustainable Nexus in Buildings and Cities
China's Role in Combating Global Climate Change: Pathways to Reducing Carbon Emissions in Buildings
1 Background
2 Low Carbon Development in China
3 Important Concepts of Building Carbon Emission
3.1 The Carbon Footprint of Buildings
3.2 Estimation of Energy Consumption in the Operation Phase
3.3 Renewable Energy for Buildings
3.4 Carbon Emission Factors
3.5 Carbon Emission Characterisation
3.6 Carbon Trading and Carbon Quotas
4 Conclusions
References
Exploring the Emergence of Digital Twins in the Construction Industry
1 Introduction
1.1 Research Background
1.2 Research Focus
2 Relationship Between Digital Twins and Building Information Modelling
2.1 Generation of DT using BIM
2.2 Life Cycle Management by Integrating BIM and DT
2.3 Improvement in Data Management
3 Summary
4 Application of Digital Twins in Construction Life Cycle
4.1 Scheduling
4.2 Construction Simulation
4.3 Clash Detection
4.4 Safety Management
4.5 Cost Estimation
4.6 Design and Engineering Phase
4.7 Construction Phase
4.8 Operation and Maintenance Phase
4.9 Demolition and Retirement Phase
5 Conclusions
References
Data Anonymization and Open Sharing Are Key to a Sustainable Built Environment
1 Introduction
2 Building Performance Research and Reproducibility
3 The Challenges of Reproducibility in Building Performance Research.
4 Open Data is Essential for Benchmarking ML-Models
5 Privacy is the Bottleneck, Anonymization is the Accelerant
6 Precedence of Anonymizing Building Performance Datasets
6.1 Noise Infusion
6.2 Data Projection
7 The Path Forward for Promoting Open Data of Building Performance
References
Modeling of Building System Operational Faults for Improved Energy Efficiency
1 Operational Faults Widely Exist in Buildings
1.1 Operational Faults are Common in Existing Buildings
1.2 Potential Operational Faults of Building HVAC Systems
2 Modeling and Analysis of Operational Faults in Building Performance
2.1 Building Operational Faults Occur at Different System Levels
2.2 Diverse Impacts Presented by Operational Faults
2.3 Different Operational Characteristics of a Fault
2.4 Fault Modeling and the Characteristics of Existing Component Models
2.5 Fault Modeling and HVAC System Operational Modes
3 The Importance of Fault Detection and Diagnosis
3.1 HVAC System Operational Fault Diagnosis
3.2 Application of Operational Fault Diagnosis in HVAC Systems at the Component or Subsystem Level
4 Impacts of Operational Faults on Building Energy and Sustainability Goals
4.1 Impacts of Economizer Sensor Offset
4.2 Impacts of Thermostat/Humidistat Offset
4.3 Impacts of Heating Coil Fouling
4.4 Impacts of Dirty Air Filters
5 Conclusions
References
Innovative Technologies for Enhancing Sustainability in Buildings and Cities
Urban Heat Adaptation and a Smart Decision Support Framework
1 Introduction
2 Urban Heat Adaptation System
2.1 Definition and Goals
2.2 Adaptation Methods and Measures
2.3 Measurements and Indicators
3 Decision Support Tool for Smart Urban Heat Adaptation
3.1 Definition and Benefits
3.2 Examples of Decision Support Tools for Heat Challenges.
4 Framework of a Smart Decision Support Tool for Heat Adaptation
4.1 Local Heat Adaptation
4.2 Structure of Smart Decision Support Tools
4.3 Demonstration of Smart Adaptation
5 Conclusions
References
Smart Heating in Centralized Urban Heating Systems
1 Urban Centralized Heating System and Its Challenges
2 UCHS Operation Control Development and Cyber-Physical Systems
3 CPS and Smart Heating
3.1 Heat Delay Time Quantification
3.2 Heating Substation Primary Loop Valve Control
3.3 Large-Scale UCHS Operation Control
4 Smart: From Heating to Integrated Energy Systems
5 Challenges and Outlook
References
The Application of n-D BIM in Chinese Construction Projects
1 BIM and n-D BIM
1.1 Current Status of n-D BIM in Other Countries
1.2 Current Status of n-D BIM in China
2 Cognition and Application of n-D BIM in China
2.1 Distribution of Firms and Professions of Respondents
2.2 Respondents' Knowledge of BIM
2.3 Years of Working and Applying BIM
2.4 Analysis of Current n-D BIM Usage
2.5 Difference Analysis
2.6 Multiple Response Analysis
3 SWOT of n-D BIM in China
3.1 Strengths
3.2 Weaknesses
3.3 Opportunities
3.4 Threats
4 Development and Prospects of n-D BIM in China
4.1 Suggestions Based on the Findings of This Study
4.2 Strategies Based on SWOT Analysis
5 Summary
References
A Review of the Shading Adjustment Occupant Behavior Model and Evaluation Method in Office Buildings
1 Introduction
2 Occupant Behavior
2.1 Occupant Behavior in Building
3 Occupant Behavior Model of Shading Behavior in an Office Building
3.1 Features of Office Buildings
3.2 Fixed Model in Shading Behavior
3.3 Stochastic Model in Shading Behavior
3.4 Hybrid Model for Shading Behavior
4 Evaluation Method of Energy Saving in Shading Behavior
5 Discussion.
6 Conclusions
References
Case Studies in Sustainability
Real-Time Chiller Optimization in an Industrial Plant with Data-Driven Load Forecast Approach: A Case Study
1 Introduction
2 Methodology
2.1 Data Collection
2.2 Development of Hourly Cooling Load Forecast Model
2.3 Real-Time Control System
3 Result Analysis
4 Discussion
5 Conclusions
References
Sustainability: Design Strategies and Applications in a Shanghai Commercial Complex
1 Introduction
2 Sustainability Design Strategy-Site Design
2.1 Outdoor Environment
2.2 Sponge City
2.3 Lighting Pollution
2.4 Urban Heat Island
3 Sustainability Design Strategy-Resource Saving
3.1 Water
3.2 Energy
3.3 Life Cycle Analysis of Carbon Dioxide Emissions
4 Sustainability Design Strategy-Indoor Environment Quality
4.1 Daylighting
4.2 Thermal Comfort
4.3 Indoor Air Quality
5 Conclusions
References
An Integrated and Intelligent Information Model-Based Smart University Campus and Its Digitalization Process
1 Introduction
2 Research Aim, Objectives, and Research Design
3 Impact of Digital Technologies
4 Smart University Campus Development
4.1 System Architecture of the Smart Campus
4.2 Data Collection and Geospatial Engineering-Based Simulation
4.3 Data Processing to Visual Information: Flooding Simulation
4.4 Data Integration and Visualisation of the Smart Campus
5 Findings
6 Limitations and Future Research
References.
Preface
Contents
Editors and Contributors
List of Figures
List of Tables
Insights About Smart Buildings and Sustainable Cities: An Editorial to the Book
1 A General Overview
2 The Role of Smart Buildings
3 The Role of Sustainable Cities
4 A Look Inside This Book
5 Beyond the Book: Future Directions
6 Final Thoughts
Exploring the Smart and Sustainable Nexus in Buildings and Cities
China's Role in Combating Global Climate Change: Pathways to Reducing Carbon Emissions in Buildings
1 Background
2 Low Carbon Development in China
3 Important Concepts of Building Carbon Emission
3.1 The Carbon Footprint of Buildings
3.2 Estimation of Energy Consumption in the Operation Phase
3.3 Renewable Energy for Buildings
3.4 Carbon Emission Factors
3.5 Carbon Emission Characterisation
3.6 Carbon Trading and Carbon Quotas
4 Conclusions
References
Exploring the Emergence of Digital Twins in the Construction Industry
1 Introduction
1.1 Research Background
1.2 Research Focus
2 Relationship Between Digital Twins and Building Information Modelling
2.1 Generation of DT using BIM
2.2 Life Cycle Management by Integrating BIM and DT
2.3 Improvement in Data Management
3 Summary
4 Application of Digital Twins in Construction Life Cycle
4.1 Scheduling
4.2 Construction Simulation
4.3 Clash Detection
4.4 Safety Management
4.5 Cost Estimation
4.6 Design and Engineering Phase
4.7 Construction Phase
4.8 Operation and Maintenance Phase
4.9 Demolition and Retirement Phase
5 Conclusions
References
Data Anonymization and Open Sharing Are Key to a Sustainable Built Environment
1 Introduction
2 Building Performance Research and Reproducibility
3 The Challenges of Reproducibility in Building Performance Research.
4 Open Data is Essential for Benchmarking ML-Models
5 Privacy is the Bottleneck, Anonymization is the Accelerant
6 Precedence of Anonymizing Building Performance Datasets
6.1 Noise Infusion
6.2 Data Projection
7 The Path Forward for Promoting Open Data of Building Performance
References
Modeling of Building System Operational Faults for Improved Energy Efficiency
1 Operational Faults Widely Exist in Buildings
1.1 Operational Faults are Common in Existing Buildings
1.2 Potential Operational Faults of Building HVAC Systems
2 Modeling and Analysis of Operational Faults in Building Performance
2.1 Building Operational Faults Occur at Different System Levels
2.2 Diverse Impacts Presented by Operational Faults
2.3 Different Operational Characteristics of a Fault
2.4 Fault Modeling and the Characteristics of Existing Component Models
2.5 Fault Modeling and HVAC System Operational Modes
3 The Importance of Fault Detection and Diagnosis
3.1 HVAC System Operational Fault Diagnosis
3.2 Application of Operational Fault Diagnosis in HVAC Systems at the Component or Subsystem Level
4 Impacts of Operational Faults on Building Energy and Sustainability Goals
4.1 Impacts of Economizer Sensor Offset
4.2 Impacts of Thermostat/Humidistat Offset
4.3 Impacts of Heating Coil Fouling
4.4 Impacts of Dirty Air Filters
5 Conclusions
References
Innovative Technologies for Enhancing Sustainability in Buildings and Cities
Urban Heat Adaptation and a Smart Decision Support Framework
1 Introduction
2 Urban Heat Adaptation System
2.1 Definition and Goals
2.2 Adaptation Methods and Measures
2.3 Measurements and Indicators
3 Decision Support Tool for Smart Urban Heat Adaptation
3.1 Definition and Benefits
3.2 Examples of Decision Support Tools for Heat Challenges.
4 Framework of a Smart Decision Support Tool for Heat Adaptation
4.1 Local Heat Adaptation
4.2 Structure of Smart Decision Support Tools
4.3 Demonstration of Smart Adaptation
5 Conclusions
References
Smart Heating in Centralized Urban Heating Systems
1 Urban Centralized Heating System and Its Challenges
2 UCHS Operation Control Development and Cyber-Physical Systems
3 CPS and Smart Heating
3.1 Heat Delay Time Quantification
3.2 Heating Substation Primary Loop Valve Control
3.3 Large-Scale UCHS Operation Control
4 Smart: From Heating to Integrated Energy Systems
5 Challenges and Outlook
References
The Application of n-D BIM in Chinese Construction Projects
1 BIM and n-D BIM
1.1 Current Status of n-D BIM in Other Countries
1.2 Current Status of n-D BIM in China
2 Cognition and Application of n-D BIM in China
2.1 Distribution of Firms and Professions of Respondents
2.2 Respondents' Knowledge of BIM
2.3 Years of Working and Applying BIM
2.4 Analysis of Current n-D BIM Usage
2.5 Difference Analysis
2.6 Multiple Response Analysis
3 SWOT of n-D BIM in China
3.1 Strengths
3.2 Weaknesses
3.3 Opportunities
3.4 Threats
4 Development and Prospects of n-D BIM in China
4.1 Suggestions Based on the Findings of This Study
4.2 Strategies Based on SWOT Analysis
5 Summary
References
A Review of the Shading Adjustment Occupant Behavior Model and Evaluation Method in Office Buildings
1 Introduction
2 Occupant Behavior
2.1 Occupant Behavior in Building
3 Occupant Behavior Model of Shading Behavior in an Office Building
3.1 Features of Office Buildings
3.2 Fixed Model in Shading Behavior
3.3 Stochastic Model in Shading Behavior
3.4 Hybrid Model for Shading Behavior
4 Evaluation Method of Energy Saving in Shading Behavior
5 Discussion.
6 Conclusions
References
Case Studies in Sustainability
Real-Time Chiller Optimization in an Industrial Plant with Data-Driven Load Forecast Approach: A Case Study
1 Introduction
2 Methodology
2.1 Data Collection
2.2 Development of Hourly Cooling Load Forecast Model
2.3 Real-Time Control System
3 Result Analysis
4 Discussion
5 Conclusions
References
Sustainability: Design Strategies and Applications in a Shanghai Commercial Complex
1 Introduction
2 Sustainability Design Strategy-Site Design
2.1 Outdoor Environment
2.2 Sponge City
2.3 Lighting Pollution
2.4 Urban Heat Island
3 Sustainability Design Strategy-Resource Saving
3.1 Water
3.2 Energy
3.3 Life Cycle Analysis of Carbon Dioxide Emissions
4 Sustainability Design Strategy-Indoor Environment Quality
4.1 Daylighting
4.2 Thermal Comfort
4.3 Indoor Air Quality
5 Conclusions
References
An Integrated and Intelligent Information Model-Based Smart University Campus and Its Digitalization Process
1 Introduction
2 Research Aim, Objectives, and Research Design
3 Impact of Digital Technologies
4 Smart University Campus Development
4.1 System Architecture of the Smart Campus
4.2 Data Collection and Geospatial Engineering-Based Simulation
4.3 Data Processing to Visual Information: Flooding Simulation
4.4 Data Integration and Visualisation of the Smart Campus
5 Findings
6 Limitations and Future Research
References.