Intro
Foreword
Preface
The Role of Models in Landscape Ecology and in This Book
Organization of This Book
Acknowledgments
Contents
Chapter 1: The Physical Template of Landscapes
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Gradient Analysis
1.2.1 Gradient Complexes
1.3 The Water Balance
1.3.1 A Simple Model: PET = AET + Deficit
1.4 Estimating Elements of the Template
1.4.1 Temperature
1.4.1.1 Geospatial Proxies for Temperature
1.4.2 Radiation
1.4.2.1 Geospatial Proxies for Radiation
1.4.3 Precipitation
1.4.4 Soils

1.4.4.1 Geospatial Proxies for Hillslope Processes and Hydrology
1.5 Case Study: The Sierra Nevada
1.5.1 The Physical Template of the Sierra Nevada, California
1.6 Summary and Conclusions
References
Chapter 2: Biotic Processes as Agents of Pattern
2.1 Introduction
2.2 The ``Pattern and Process ́́Paradigm
2.3 Coupling of Demographic Processes
2.4 Interaction with the Physical Template
2.4.1 Coupling Demography and the Physical Template
2.4.2 Competition Along Environmental Gradients
2.4.3 Illustration: Gradient Response in the Sierra Nevada

2.4.4 The Unit Pattern Revisited
2.5 Dispersal as an Agent of Pattern
2.5.1 Interactions Between Dispersal and Gradient Response
2.6 Animals, Pests, and Pathogens
2.6.1 Animals, Pests, and Pathogens as Subtle Agents
2.6.2 Animals as Dramatic Agents
2.7 Summary and Conclusions
References
Chapter 3: Disturbances and Disturbance Regimes
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Context and Definitions
3.1.1.1 Definitions
3.2 Perspectives and Lessons
3.2.1 Are Disturbances ``Part of the System?́́
3.2.2 Interactions, Synergies, and Indirect Effects

3.2.3 Disturbances and Positive Feedback
3.2.4 Overlapping Disturbances and Legacies
3.2.5 Heterogeneity in Disturbance and Response
3.3 Disaggregating Disturbance Toward Generality
3.3.1 A Not-Too-General Model
3.3.2 The Fire Regime in the Sierra Nevada
3.4 Characteristic Dynamics
3.5 Humans and Disturbance Regimes
3.5.1 Human Impacts on Natural Disturbances
3.5.2 Novel Disturbance Regimes
3.5.3 Human Perception and Landscape Change
3.6 Agents of Pattern: Reprise
3.7 Summary and Conclusions
References
Chapter 4: Scale and Scaling
4.1 Introduction

4.2 The Importance of Scale in Ecology
4.2.1 Observational Scale as a Filter on Nature
4.2.1.1 Bird Communities
4.2.1.2 Semi-Arid Ecosystems
4.2.1.3 Modeling Evapotranspiration
4.2.1.4 Scale and Model Specification
4.2.2 Characteristic Scaling
4.2.3 Sampling Grain and Extent, and Statistical Behavior
4.3 Scaling Techniques
4.3.1 Scaling Techniques for Geostatistical Data
4.3.1.1 Correlation and Autocorrelation
4.3.1.2 Semivariance Analysis
4.3.1.3 Which to Use: Autocorrelation or Semivariance?
4.3.1.4 Some Further Considerations