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Table of Contents
Intro
Foreword
Foreword
Foreword
Preface
Contents
About the Editors
Part I: Renal Cell Carcinoma
1: Diagnosis and Clinical Staging
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Diagnosis of Renal Cancer
1.2.1 Clinical Diagnosis of Renal Cancer
1.2.2 Paraneoplastic Syndromes
1.3 Imaging Diagnosis
1.4 Ultrasound
1.4.1 Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound
1.5 Contrast-Enhanced Computerized Tomography (CECT)
1.6 Magnetic Resonance Imaging
1.7 FDG PET/CT
1.8 Renal Mass Biopsy
1.9 Staging of Renal Cell Cancer
1.10 Nephrometry Scores
1.11 Grading of Renal Cell Carcinoma
1.12 Conclusions
References
2: Pathology and Staging
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Genetic Susceptibility
2.2 Classification of Renal Carcinomas
2.2.1 Clear Cell RCC
2.2.2 Papillary RCC
2.2.3 Chromophobe RCC
2.2.4 Clear Cell Papillary Renal Cell Tumor
2.2.5 Eosinophilic Solid and Cystic RCC
2.2.6 Mucinous Tubular and Spindle Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma
2.2.7 Collecting Duct Carcinoma
2.2.8 Molecularly Defined Renal Cell Carcinomas
2.2.9 Proposed Entities in the New WHO Classification of Renal Carcinomas
2.3 Immunohistochemistry
2.4 Pathologic Prognostic Factors
2.5 Pathologic Staging of Renal Carcinomas
References
3: Management of Localized and Locally Advanced RCC
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Why Is It Essential to Differentiate Localized and Locally Advanced RCC?
3.3 TNM Staging of RCCs
3.4 Evaluation of Renal Mass
3.5 Management
3.6 Role of Renal Biopsy
3.7 Role of Genetic Testing in RCC
3.8 Role of Lymphadenectomy
3.9 Renal Mass with Inferior Vena Caval Thrombus (IVCT)
3.10 Role of Neoadjuvant/Adjuvant Therapy LA-RCC
3.11 Is There a Role of Downsizing the Tumour Before Surgery with These Agents?
3.12 Therapeutic Approaches Other Than Surgery
References
4: Management of Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Prognostic Models for Metastatic Disease
4.3 Cytoreductive Nephrectomy
4.4 First-Line Treatment for Metastatic ccRCC
4.4.1 Combination of VEGF-TKI Plus ICI
4.4.1.1 Axitinib + Pembrolizumab
4.4.1.2 Cabozantinib + Nivolumab
4.4.1.3 Lenvatinib + Pembrolizumab
4.4.1.4 Axitinib + Avelumab
4.4.2 Dual Checkpoint Inhibitors
4.4.2.1 Ipilimumab + Nivolumab
4.4.3 VEGF-TKI Monotherapy
4.4.3.1 Cabozantinib
4.4.3.2 Sunitinib
4.4.3.3 Pazopanib
4.4.3.4 Cytokine Therapy
4.4.3.5 Surveillance
4.5 Second and Subsequent Lines of Therapy for Metastatic ccRCC
4.5.1 Axitinib
4.5.2 Cabozantinib
4.5.3 Lenvatinib + Everolimus
4.5.4 Nivolumab
4.5.5 Tivozanib
4.5.6 Belzutifan
4.6 Therapy for Metastatic Nonclear Cell RCC (nccRCC)
4.7 Conclusion
References
5: Adjuvant Treatment and Follow-Up of Clinically Localized Renal Cell Carcinoma
5.1 Introduction
Foreword
Foreword
Foreword
Preface
Contents
About the Editors
Part I: Renal Cell Carcinoma
1: Diagnosis and Clinical Staging
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Diagnosis of Renal Cancer
1.2.1 Clinical Diagnosis of Renal Cancer
1.2.2 Paraneoplastic Syndromes
1.3 Imaging Diagnosis
1.4 Ultrasound
1.4.1 Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound
1.5 Contrast-Enhanced Computerized Tomography (CECT)
1.6 Magnetic Resonance Imaging
1.7 FDG PET/CT
1.8 Renal Mass Biopsy
1.9 Staging of Renal Cell Cancer
1.10 Nephrometry Scores
1.11 Grading of Renal Cell Carcinoma
1.12 Conclusions
References
2: Pathology and Staging
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Genetic Susceptibility
2.2 Classification of Renal Carcinomas
2.2.1 Clear Cell RCC
2.2.2 Papillary RCC
2.2.3 Chromophobe RCC
2.2.4 Clear Cell Papillary Renal Cell Tumor
2.2.5 Eosinophilic Solid and Cystic RCC
2.2.6 Mucinous Tubular and Spindle Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma
2.2.7 Collecting Duct Carcinoma
2.2.8 Molecularly Defined Renal Cell Carcinomas
2.2.9 Proposed Entities in the New WHO Classification of Renal Carcinomas
2.3 Immunohistochemistry
2.4 Pathologic Prognostic Factors
2.5 Pathologic Staging of Renal Carcinomas
References
3: Management of Localized and Locally Advanced RCC
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Why Is It Essential to Differentiate Localized and Locally Advanced RCC?
3.3 TNM Staging of RCCs
3.4 Evaluation of Renal Mass
3.5 Management
3.6 Role of Renal Biopsy
3.7 Role of Genetic Testing in RCC
3.8 Role of Lymphadenectomy
3.9 Renal Mass with Inferior Vena Caval Thrombus (IVCT)
3.10 Role of Neoadjuvant/Adjuvant Therapy LA-RCC
3.11 Is There a Role of Downsizing the Tumour Before Surgery with These Agents?
3.12 Therapeutic Approaches Other Than Surgery
References
4: Management of Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Prognostic Models for Metastatic Disease
4.3 Cytoreductive Nephrectomy
4.4 First-Line Treatment for Metastatic ccRCC
4.4.1 Combination of VEGF-TKI Plus ICI
4.4.1.1 Axitinib + Pembrolizumab
4.4.1.2 Cabozantinib + Nivolumab
4.4.1.3 Lenvatinib + Pembrolizumab
4.4.1.4 Axitinib + Avelumab
4.4.2 Dual Checkpoint Inhibitors
4.4.2.1 Ipilimumab + Nivolumab
4.4.3 VEGF-TKI Monotherapy
4.4.3.1 Cabozantinib
4.4.3.2 Sunitinib
4.4.3.3 Pazopanib
4.4.3.4 Cytokine Therapy
4.4.3.5 Surveillance
4.5 Second and Subsequent Lines of Therapy for Metastatic ccRCC
4.5.1 Axitinib
4.5.2 Cabozantinib
4.5.3 Lenvatinib + Everolimus
4.5.4 Nivolumab
4.5.5 Tivozanib
4.5.6 Belzutifan
4.6 Therapy for Metastatic Nonclear Cell RCC (nccRCC)
4.7 Conclusion
References
5: Adjuvant Treatment and Follow-Up of Clinically Localized Renal Cell Carcinoma
5.1 Introduction