Intro
Prelude
Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
Abbreviations
Chapter 1: Charting the Route
1.1 Why: Research Background
1.2 Where to: Motivations and Research Objective
1.3 What: Relevance and Contribution to the Existing Literature
1.4 How: Structure
References
Chapter 2: History of Investor-State Dispute Settlement
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Definition of Investment
2.3 The Early Stages of International Investment Law
2.3.1 The Origins of International Investment Law
2.3.2 The Capitulation System

2.3.3 Treaties of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation
2.3.4 Ad hoc Commissions
2.3.5 Diplomatic Protection
2.3.6 The Hull Formula and the Calvo Doctrine
2.4 The Role of the IMF and the World Bank in Promoting Foreign Investment
2.5 Criticisms of International Investment Agreements
2.6 The Rise of Investor-State Arbitration
2.7 Analogies and Differences Between Investor-State Arbitration and Commercial Arbitration
2.8 Conclusions
References
Chapter 3: Adaptability of Investor-State Arbitration
3.1 Introduction

3.2 Adaptability to the Needs of the Disputing Parties
3.2.1 Parties' Procedural Autonomy Under International Arbitration Conventions
3.2.2 Parties' Procedural Autonomy Under National Arbitration Laws
3.2.3 Parties' Procedural Autonomy to Choose the Arbitration Rules
3.2.4 Parties' Procedural Autonomy Under Institutional Rules
3.2.5 The Arbitral Tribunal's Discretion to Determine the Procedure
3.3 Adaptability to Technological Progress and the Covid-19 Global Crisis
3.3.1 Computer-Mediated Communication in Arbitration
3.3.2 Storage of Information Related to Arbitration

3.3.3 Security Precautions in Arbitration
3.3.4 The Covid-19 Global Crisis
3.3.5 Online Dispute Resolution
3.3.5.1 Regulatory Framework of Remote Hearings
3.3.5.2 When the Disputing Parties Do Not Agree on Remote Hearings
3.3.5.3 Seoul Protocol on Video Conference in International Arbitration
3.3.5.4 Electronic Signatures
3.3.5.5 Cyber Fraud
3.4 Adaptability to Meet Cultural and Social Change
3.4.1 Diversity and Gender Representation
3.4.1.1 Deconstructing the Diversity Palette
3.4.1.2 The Way Forward
3.4.2 Human Rights Concerns

3.4.2.1 Investment Rights and Human Rights
3.4.3 Investors' Corporate Social Responsibility
3.5 Adaptability in Response to Geopolitical Challenges
3.5.1 The Contribution of Trade and Investment to the Maintenance of International Peace and Security
3.5.2 The Instrument of Denial of Benefits
3.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 4: Criticisms of Investor-State Arbitration
4.1 Introduction
4.2 In Search of Balance
4.3 ISDS Statistics
4.4 The Clash with EU Law
4.5 Transparency, Legitimacy, Consistency
4.6 Turning Away from ISDS