Linked e-resources
Details
Table of Contents
Intro
Foreword 1
Foreword 2
Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
Part I: Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis
Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis
1 Introduction
2 Etiology
Genetic Factors
Hormonal Factors
Environmental Factors
Evolutionary Theory
Neuromuscular Factors
Biomechanical Factors
3 Clinical Evaluation
4 Head-to-Foot Examinations
5 Radiological Assessment
6 Treatment
7 Conclusions
8 Case Illustration
References
Natural History of Idiopathic Scoliosis
1 Introduction
Why Is It Important to Understand the Natural History of Scoliosis?
Longitudinal Growth of the Human Spine
Prognostic Factors in Determining Progression in IIS
2 Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis
Studies on Prevalence
Long-Term Complications of Untreated Scoliosis
Factors That Predict Curve Progression in AIS
Genetic Profiling to Predict Curve Progression
Curve Progression After Skeletal Maturity
Mean Curve Progression in Skeletally Mature Patients
Scoliosis and Lung Development [31]
Pathophysiology of Respiratory Failure in Idiopathic Scoliosis
Effects of Untreated Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis on Health and Mental Parameters [37]
Mortality in Scoliosis
Cardiopulmonary Function
Health Impairment
Neurological Impairment
References
Preoperative Evaluation and Imaging in AIS
1 Introduction
2 Preoperative Evaluation
3 Preoperative Imaging in AIS
Whole-Spine PA and Lateral Views
4 Method of Taking X-Ray in Scoliosis
5 What Are the Additional Views Required?
Right and Left Bending Films
Traction AP Film
Fulcrum Bending Films
Push-Prone Radiographs
6 Other Special Views
Stagnara View
7 Additional Radiographs (Determining Skeletal Maturity)
8 Strategic Vertebrae: Definition, Method of Identification, Importance
9 Measurement of the Deformity
10 Coronal, Sagittal Balance, and Shoulder Balance
11 Assessment of Vertebral Rotation
12 Role of CT Scan and MRI
13 3D Digital Stereo Radiography (EOSʼ Imaging)
References
Classification of Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis
1 Introduction
2 Evolution of AIS Classification
3 King-Moe Classification
Classification Description
Limitations of King's Classification
4 Lenke's Classification
Classification Description
Lumbar Spine Modifier
Sagittal Profile Modifier
Comparison with King's Classification
Limitations of Lenke's Classification
5 PUMC Classification
Classification Description
PUMC Classification in Comparison to Lenke's Classification
Modified PUMC Classification
6 Three-Dimensional Classification
Basis of 3D Classification
Requirements for 3D Analysis
An Overview of Various 3D Classifications
7 Future Directions
8 Conclusion
References
Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: The Classification Systems Pearls and Pitfalls
Foreword 1
Foreword 2
Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
Part I: Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis
Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis
1 Introduction
2 Etiology
Genetic Factors
Hormonal Factors
Environmental Factors
Evolutionary Theory
Neuromuscular Factors
Biomechanical Factors
3 Clinical Evaluation
4 Head-to-Foot Examinations
5 Radiological Assessment
6 Treatment
7 Conclusions
8 Case Illustration
References
Natural History of Idiopathic Scoliosis
1 Introduction
Why Is It Important to Understand the Natural History of Scoliosis?
Longitudinal Growth of the Human Spine
Prognostic Factors in Determining Progression in IIS
2 Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis
Studies on Prevalence
Long-Term Complications of Untreated Scoliosis
Factors That Predict Curve Progression in AIS
Genetic Profiling to Predict Curve Progression
Curve Progression After Skeletal Maturity
Mean Curve Progression in Skeletally Mature Patients
Scoliosis and Lung Development [31]
Pathophysiology of Respiratory Failure in Idiopathic Scoliosis
Effects of Untreated Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis on Health and Mental Parameters [37]
Mortality in Scoliosis
Cardiopulmonary Function
Health Impairment
Neurological Impairment
References
Preoperative Evaluation and Imaging in AIS
1 Introduction
2 Preoperative Evaluation
3 Preoperative Imaging in AIS
Whole-Spine PA and Lateral Views
4 Method of Taking X-Ray in Scoliosis
5 What Are the Additional Views Required?
Right and Left Bending Films
Traction AP Film
Fulcrum Bending Films
Push-Prone Radiographs
6 Other Special Views
Stagnara View
7 Additional Radiographs (Determining Skeletal Maturity)
8 Strategic Vertebrae: Definition, Method of Identification, Importance
9 Measurement of the Deformity
10 Coronal, Sagittal Balance, and Shoulder Balance
11 Assessment of Vertebral Rotation
12 Role of CT Scan and MRI
13 3D Digital Stereo Radiography (EOSʼ Imaging)
References
Classification of Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis
1 Introduction
2 Evolution of AIS Classification
3 King-Moe Classification
Classification Description
Limitations of King's Classification
4 Lenke's Classification
Classification Description
Lumbar Spine Modifier
Sagittal Profile Modifier
Comparison with King's Classification
Limitations of Lenke's Classification
5 PUMC Classification
Classification Description
PUMC Classification in Comparison to Lenke's Classification
Modified PUMC Classification
6 Three-Dimensional Classification
Basis of 3D Classification
Requirements for 3D Analysis
An Overview of Various 3D Classifications
7 Future Directions
8 Conclusion
References
Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: The Classification Systems Pearls and Pitfalls