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Intro
Preface
Contents
1: Introduction
1.1 Basic Principles and Definitions
1.2 FMIs Policy Issues
1.3 The Role of Central Banks for FMIs
1.4 Payment and Settlement as Changes to Financial Accounts
1.5 Financial Messages
1.6 The Multi-Layer Structure of the Financial Money System
References
2: Risks, Regulation and Oversight of FMIs
2.1 Risks in Payments and FMIs
2.2 Mitigating Risks
2.3 Legal Certainty Issues
2.4 Regulation, Supervision and Oversight of FMIs
2.5 Principles for Financial Market Infrastructures

2.6 Implementation of the PFMIs: The Example of the EU
References
3: Retail Payments
3.1 Payments and Means of Payments
3.2 A Brief History of Payments
3.3 Retail Payment Instruments, Schemes and Arrangements
3.3.1 Payment Instruments
3.3.2 Payment Schemes
References
4: Payment Systems
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Real-Time Gross Settlement vs Deferred Net Settlement Systems
4.2.1 RTGS Systems
4.2.2 Deferred Net Settlement Systems
4.3 Large Value Payment Systems vs Retail Payment Systems
4.4 Layers in Payments and Financial Accounts Illustrations

4.4.1 Single Settlement Layer Payments
4.4.2 Double Settlement Layer Payments
4.4.3 Triple Settlement Layer Payments
References
5: Cross-Border Payments
5.1 Introduction
5.2 A Brief History of Cross-Border Payments and Their Universal Challenges
5.3 Correspondent Banking
5.4 Correspondent Banking as a Solution for Domestic Payments?
5.5 Cross-Border Payment Fintechs Present in Multiple Countries
5.6 Global Stablecoins
5.7 Interlinking Domestic Payment Platforms with a Competitive FX Conversion Layer
5.8 How Will Cross Border Payments Progress Further?

8.3 The CSD and ICSD Landscape
8.4 Domestic Securities Settlement
8.4.1 Domestic Securities Settlement in Commercial Bank Money
8.4.2 Non-DvP Securities Settlement in Central Bank Money
8.5 Cross-Border Securities Custody: Example of Sanctions Against Russia
8.6 TARGET2 Securities
References
9: Unbacked Crypto-Assets, Stablecoins and CBDC
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Unbacked Crypto-Assets
9.2.1 Bitcoin
9.2.2 Decentralised Finance, Ethereum and Business Applications of Blockchain and DLT
9.2.3 The Crypto Winter of 2022
9.3 Stablecoins

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