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Intro
Foreword
Preface
Contents
Contributors
Section I: The Basic Science of Rhinology: Understanding the Nose and Sinuses
1: Embryology of the Nose and Paranasal Sinuses
Nose Development
Turbinate Development
Paranasal Sinus Development
Maxillary Sinus
Ethmoid Sinus
Frontal Sinus
Sphenoid Sinus
Nasolacrimal Duct Development
Sinonasal Vasculature Development
Areas of Uncertainty and Controversy
References
2: Applied Anatomy of the Nose and Sinuses
The Nose
Introduction
External Structure
The Nasal Septum

The Inferior Turbinate
Sinonasal Mucosa
Olfaction
The Paranasal Sinuses
Introduction
Osteology
The Maxillary Sinus
The Ethmoid Sinuses
The Sphenoid Sinus
The Frontal Sinus
The Agger Nasi
Frontal Cells and Classification
Type 1 Cell
Type 2 Cell
Type 3 Cell
Type 4 Cell
Suprabullar Cell
Frontal Bullar Cell
Medial Intraseptal Cell
The Palatine Bone
The Nasolacrimal Apparatus
The Blood Vessels of the Nose
Internal Carotid Artery System
External Carotid Artery System
The Nerves of the Nose and Sinuses
External Nose

Internal Nose
Sinuses
Autonomic Nerve Supply to the Nose
Key Concepts
The Internal Valve
Septum Attachment Points
The Middle Turbinate
The Ostiomeatal Complex
The Surgical Lamellae
Pterygopalatine Fossa
Infratemporal Fossa
Further Reading
3: Physiology: Nasal Airflow
Introduction
Nasal Breathing, Airflow Distribution, and Physiology
Ventilation of Paranasal Sinuses and Physiology
The Nasal Cycle
Effects of Physical Activity on Nasal Airflow
Effects of Temperature and Air Humidity on Nasal Respiratory Function

Effects of Posture on Nasal Airflow
Nasal Nitric Oxide
Conclusions
References
4: Physiology of the Nose and Paranasal Sinuses: Mucociliary Clearance
Introduction
Mucus
Cilia
Assessment of Ciliary Ultrastructure and Ciliary Beat Function
Nasal Mucociliary Clearance Testing
Saccharin Test
Scintigraphy with Technetium-99
Examples of Compromised MCC
Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia
Cystic Fibrosis (CF)
Secondary Ciliary Dyskinesia
Smoking
Drugs
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
Type 2 Inflammation
Improving Mucociliary Clearance (MCC)

Nasal Irrigation with Saline
Drugs
Endoscopic Sinus Surgery (ESS)
References
5: Immunology of the Nose and Paranasal Sinuses
Allergy and Specific IgE
Allergic Rhinitis
Specific IgE
Chronic Rhinosinusitis
Allergic Fungal Rhinosinusitis
Aspirin-Exacerbated Respiratory Disease (AERD) / N-ERD / Samter's Triad
Autoimmune Sinonasal Conditions
Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis
Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis
Sarcoidosis
Immunodeficiencies and Sinonasal Conditions
Chronic Rhinosinusitis (CRS) and Secondary Immune Deficiencies

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