Intro
Foreword
Preface
Contents
Part I: Xenobiotics in the Urban Ecosystems: Introduction
Impact of Xenobiotics Under Changing Climate Scenario
1 Introduction
1.1 Xenobiotics in the Environment
1.2 Environmental Impact of Xenobiotics
1.2.1 Impact of Xenobiotics in Water
1.2.2 Impact of Xenobiotics on Soil
1.2.3 Impact of Xenobiotics on Air
2 Pesticides as Xenobiotics in Urban Soil
3 Antibiotics as Xenobiotics in Soil
4 Xenobiotics and Changing Climate Scenario
4.1 Xenobiotics with Changing Temperature
4.2 Xenobiotics with Increased Pesticide Use

4.3 Effect of Xenobiotics on Humans Under Changing Climatic Scenario
4.4 Effect of Xenobiotics on Species Diversity and Ecosystem
5 Conclusions and Future Recommendations
References
Xenobiotics in the Urban Water Cycle
1 Introduction
2 Types of Xenobiotics
2.1 Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products (PPCPs)
2.2 Pesticides, Petroleum Hydrocarbons, and Polychlorinated Biphenyls
2.3 Other Xenobiotics
3 Xenobiotics in the Environment
4 Ecotoxicological Effect of Xenobiotics in the Environment
4.1 Phthalates and Bisphenol A
4.2 Perfluorinated Compounds

4.3 Personal Care and Pharmaceutical Products
4.4 Other Persistent Organic Pollutants
5 Conclusion and Future Prospective
References
Assessment of the Consequences of Xenobiotics in Soil Ecosystem
1 Introduction
2 Classification of Xenobiotics
2.1 Halocarbons
2.2 Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)
2.3 Synthetic Polymers
2.4 Alkylbenzene Sulfonates
2.5 Oil Mixtures
3 Interaction of Xenobiotics with Soils
4 Xenobiotics' Effects on Soil Microbial Communities
5 Degrading Xenobiotics by Capable Microbes
6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References

Part II: Fate and Transport of Xenobiotics in the Urban Ecosystems
Transport and Metabolism of Xenobiotics in the Urban Ecosystem
1 Introduction
2 Transport of Xenobiotics
3 Metabolism of Xenobiotics
3.1 Phase I Enzymes
3.1.1 Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenase
3.1.2 Flavin-Containing Monooxygenases (FMOs)
3.1.3 Epoxide Hydrolases
3.1.4 Alcohol Dehydrogenase
3.1.5 Aldehyde Dehydrogenase
3.1.6 Amine Oxidases
3.1.7 Prostaglandin Synthetase
3.1.8 Proteases
3.2 Phase II Enzymes
3.2.1 Glutathione S-Transferases (GSTs)
3.2.2 Sulfotransferases (STs)

3.2.3 UDP Glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs)
3.3 Phase III Transporters
4 Conclusions and Future Recommendations
References
Xenobiotics: Sources, Pathways, Degradation, and Risk Associated with Major Emphasis on Pharmaceutical Compounds
1 Introduction
2 Classification and Sources
3 Xenobiotics in Atmospheric and Aquatic Environments
4 Major Paths of Xenobiotics Entering the Soil Environment
5 The Transport of Pharmaceutical Xenobiotics in Soil
6 The Potential Transfer of Pharmaceutical Xenobiotics Through Food Chains
7 Metabolism of Xenobiotics