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Table of Contents
Intro
Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
Contributors
About the Editors
Nanocarriers for Delivery of Peptide Antibiotics
1 Introduction
2 ABPs: An Imperative Subset of AMPs
2.1 Principal Characteristics and Biological Role of ABPs
3 Role of Nanotechnology in Delivering ABPs
3.1 Inorganic Nanocarriers
Mesoporous Silica Based Nanocarriers
Mesoporous Titania Based Nanocarriers
3.2 Polymeric Nanocarriers
PLGA Based Nanocarriers
Chitosan-Based Nanocarriers
Polymeric Nanofibres
3.3 Lipidic Nanocarriers
Cubosomes (Cubic Phase Lipid Nanoparticles)
Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLN)
Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLC)
Liposomes
3.4 Self-Assembled Nanocarriers
Self-Assembled ABPs
Micelles
3.5 Covalently Conjugated ABPs
Covalent Conjugation of ABP with Biomacromolecules
Covalent Conjugation of ABP with Synthetic Polymers
4 Opportunities and Challenges for Nanocarrier-Based ABP Delivery
5 Commercialisation and Clinical Development of ABPs
6 Summary
References
Nanomedicines for the Pulmonary Delivery of Antibiotics
1 Introduction
1.1 Lungs as Delivery Sites
1.2 Epidemiology of Pulmonary Infections
1.3 Chronic Lung Conditions as a Nidus of Infections
1.4 Opportunistic Lung Infections
1.5 Long COVID
1.6 Nanomedicine APIs
1.7 Nano-DDS and Multidrug-Resistant Strains
1.8 Nano-Periodic Property and Critical Nanoscale Design Parameters
1.9 Mode of Delivery of Inhaled Antimicrobial APIs
1.10 Aim of This Book Chapter
2 Anatomy and Physiology of the Respiratory System
2.1 Physiology of Gas and Particle Exchange
2.2 The Blood-Gas Barrier
2.3 Diffusion in Diseased Lungs
3 Factors Influencing Nanoparticulate Antimicrobial Delivery
3.1 Effect of Particle Size
3.2 Reduction Methods
3.3 Deposition Versus Stability
3.4 Formulations
4 Mechanics of Deposition of Nanoparticle Antimicrobials
4.1 Impaction
4.2 Gravitational Sedimentation
4.3 Deposition by Brownian Diffusion (BD)
4.4 Turbulent Mixing
4.5 Interception
4.6 Electrostatic Precipitation
5 Factors Affecting the Efficacy of Aerosolized Nanoantibiotics
6 Etiologies of Respiratory Infections
7 Characteristics of Inhaled NP Antibiotics
7.1 Nanoparticle (NP)-Based Antibiotics: The CF-PA Tobramycin (Tbm) Model
7.2 Advantages
7.3 Challenges to Making Dry Powder NPs
7.4 Methods of NP Preparation: Examples
7.5 Modifications in NPs for Better Functions
7.6 Bypassing of Phagocytes
7.7 Physicochemical Characterization
8 Clinical Indications of Inhaled Antimicrobials
8.1 Other Aerosolized Antibacterial Medications
9 Role of Aerosolized Antimicrobials in Multidrug-Resistant Strains
10 Inhaled Antibiotics in SARS-CoV-2-Infected Patients
10.1 Nebulizers
11 Importance of the Pharmacokinetic Phase
Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
Contributors
About the Editors
Nanocarriers for Delivery of Peptide Antibiotics
1 Introduction
2 ABPs: An Imperative Subset of AMPs
2.1 Principal Characteristics and Biological Role of ABPs
3 Role of Nanotechnology in Delivering ABPs
3.1 Inorganic Nanocarriers
Mesoporous Silica Based Nanocarriers
Mesoporous Titania Based Nanocarriers
3.2 Polymeric Nanocarriers
PLGA Based Nanocarriers
Chitosan-Based Nanocarriers
Polymeric Nanofibres
3.3 Lipidic Nanocarriers
Cubosomes (Cubic Phase Lipid Nanoparticles)
Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLN)
Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLC)
Liposomes
3.4 Self-Assembled Nanocarriers
Self-Assembled ABPs
Micelles
3.5 Covalently Conjugated ABPs
Covalent Conjugation of ABP with Biomacromolecules
Covalent Conjugation of ABP with Synthetic Polymers
4 Opportunities and Challenges for Nanocarrier-Based ABP Delivery
5 Commercialisation and Clinical Development of ABPs
6 Summary
References
Nanomedicines for the Pulmonary Delivery of Antibiotics
1 Introduction
1.1 Lungs as Delivery Sites
1.2 Epidemiology of Pulmonary Infections
1.3 Chronic Lung Conditions as a Nidus of Infections
1.4 Opportunistic Lung Infections
1.5 Long COVID
1.6 Nanomedicine APIs
1.7 Nano-DDS and Multidrug-Resistant Strains
1.8 Nano-Periodic Property and Critical Nanoscale Design Parameters
1.9 Mode of Delivery of Inhaled Antimicrobial APIs
1.10 Aim of This Book Chapter
2 Anatomy and Physiology of the Respiratory System
2.1 Physiology of Gas and Particle Exchange
2.2 The Blood-Gas Barrier
2.3 Diffusion in Diseased Lungs
3 Factors Influencing Nanoparticulate Antimicrobial Delivery
3.1 Effect of Particle Size
3.2 Reduction Methods
3.3 Deposition Versus Stability
3.4 Formulations
4 Mechanics of Deposition of Nanoparticle Antimicrobials
4.1 Impaction
4.2 Gravitational Sedimentation
4.3 Deposition by Brownian Diffusion (BD)
4.4 Turbulent Mixing
4.5 Interception
4.6 Electrostatic Precipitation
5 Factors Affecting the Efficacy of Aerosolized Nanoantibiotics
6 Etiologies of Respiratory Infections
7 Characteristics of Inhaled NP Antibiotics
7.1 Nanoparticle (NP)-Based Antibiotics: The CF-PA Tobramycin (Tbm) Model
7.2 Advantages
7.3 Challenges to Making Dry Powder NPs
7.4 Methods of NP Preparation: Examples
7.5 Modifications in NPs for Better Functions
7.6 Bypassing of Phagocytes
7.7 Physicochemical Characterization
8 Clinical Indications of Inhaled Antimicrobials
8.1 Other Aerosolized Antibacterial Medications
9 Role of Aerosolized Antimicrobials in Multidrug-Resistant Strains
10 Inhaled Antibiotics in SARS-CoV-2-Infected Patients
10.1 Nebulizers
11 Importance of the Pharmacokinetic Phase