Intro
Contents
Part I: Localized Disease
1: Prognostic Factors for Localized Renal Cell Carcinoma
Introduction
Clinical
Anatomic
Histopathologic
Molecular
Integrated Predictive Tools
Conclusion
References
2: Active Surveillance of Patients with Clinically Localized Small Renal Masses
Introduction
Active Surveillance Definition
Small Renal Mass (SRM) Indolence
Trends in Active Surveillance Utilization
Selection of Patients for Active Surveillance
Tumor Factors
Patient Factors
Active Surveillance Imaging and Monitoring

Role of Renal Mass Biopsy (RMB) in Active Surveillance
Triggers for Delayed Intervention (DI) During Active Surveillance
Tumor Factors
Major "GLASS" PCI
Minor "GLASS" PCI
Patient Factors
Research Support for Active Surveillance
Systematic Reviews
Active Surveillance Series with Prospective Management Pathways
Summary of Consensus Guidelines
American Urological Association (AUA) Guidelines
European Association of Urology (EAU) Guidelines
Canadian Urology Association (CUA) Guidelines
National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) Guidelines

American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) Guidelines
European Society of Medical Oncology (ESMO) Guidelines
Conclusion
References
3: Partial Nephrectomy in the Treatment of RCC
Historical Background
Controversies
Indication for Partial Nephrectomy
Patient Selection
Describing the Surgical Complexity of Tumors
Surgical Techniques
Transperitoneal Vs. Retroperitoneal
Ischemia
Standard Partial Vs. Enucleation
Renorrhaphy
Hemostatic Agents
Functional Outcomes: Preserving Renal Parenchyma and Renal Function
Oncologic Outcomes

Surveillance Following Partial Nephrectomy
Additional Considerations: Hereditary, Multifocal, and Advanced Disease
Partial Nephrectomy on a Solitary Kidney
Multifocal and Repeat Partial Nephrectomy
Partial Nephrectomy in Management of Hereditary RCC Syndromes
Partial Nephrectomy in pT3a RCC
Partial Nephrectomy in Metastatic Disease
Conclusions and Future Directions
References
4: Ablative Options for Renal Cell Carcinoma
Introduction
Technique Considerations
Cryoablation
Radiofrequency Ablation
Microwave Ablation

Evaluation of Post-Ablation Treatment Success and Surveillance
Role of Biopsy
Oncologic Outcomes and Surveillance Regimens
Complications of TA
Radiation Therapy
Conclusions
References
5: Radical Nephrectomy for Renal Cell Carcinoma
Introduction
Techniques
Open Surgical Approaches: Radical Nephrectomy
Anterior Approaches
Midline Transperitoneal Incision
Chevron Incision
Subcostal Incision
Flank Approaches
Eleventh or Twelfth Rib Supracostal and Transcostal Incision
Thoracoabdominal Incision