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Table of Contents
Intro
Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
Contributors
Introduction
Part I: Basic Science
Neuronal Circuits, Anatomical Substrates, and Mechanism of Sleep-Wakefulness
1 Introduction
2 Neuroanatomical Substrates and Control of Wake-Sleep States
2.1 Neuroanatomical Substrates and Control of Wakefulness
2.2 Neuroanatomical Substrates and Control of NREM Sleep
2.2.1 Hypothalamus
2.2.2 Brain Stem
2.2.3 Role of Thalamus
2.2.4 Role of Suprachiasmatic Nucleus
2.3 Mechanisms of Wake-Sleep Transitions
2.4 Neuroanatomical Substrates and Control of REM Sleep
2.4.1 Role of the Pons
2.4.2 Models for REM Sleep Generation
2.4.2.1 McCarley-Hobson Model
2.4.2.2 Lu and Co-workers from the Saper Group
2.4.2.3 The Model Proposed by Luppi's Group
3 Mechanisms Underlying Essential Features of REM Sleep
3.1 REM Motor Atonia
3.2 REM Sleep EEG
3.3 Central Pattern Generators (CPGs) or the Mesencephalic and Spinal Locomotor Generators
References
Part II: Laboratory Techniques
Polysomnographic Recording Technique
1 Introduction
2 Patient Preparation and Laboratory Environment
3 PSG Calibration
3.1 Equipment Calibration
3.2 Physiologic Calibration
4 Technologist Education
5 Technical Considerations and Polysomnography Equipment
5.1 Electroencephalography
5.2 Electrooculography
5.3 Electromyography
5.4 Electrocardiography
5.5 Recording of Respiratory Effort
5.5.1 Respiratory Inductive Plethysmography
5.5.2 Intraesophageal Pressure Monitoring
5.5.3 Polyvinylidene Fluoride Belts
5.5.4 Impedance Pneumography
5.5.5 Respiratory Magnetometers
5.6 Airflow Measurement
5.6.1 Oronasal Temperature Monitoring
5.6.2 Nasal Pressure Monitoring
5.6.3 Pneumotachography
5.7 Detection of Nocturnal Hypoventilation
5.8 Oxygen Saturation
5.9 Esophageal pH
5.10 Body Position Monitoring
5.11 Snoring
5.12 Monitoring of Penile Tumescence
6 Tonic and Phasic Events in REM Sleep
7 Ending the Test
8 Artifacts During PSG Recordings
8.1 Physiologic Artifacts
8.2 Environmental Sources of Electrical Signals
8.3 Instrumental Artifacts
9 Digital Polysomnography
10 Home Sleep Apnea Testing (Portable Monitoring/Oligosomnography)
11 Indications for Polysomnography and HSAT
12 Pitfalls of PSG and HSAT
References
Hypnogram and Compliance Graph Analysis
1 Introduction
References
Electroencephalography for the Sleep Specialist
1 Introduction
2 Method of EEG Recording
3 Normal Waking and Sleep EEG Rhythms in Adults
4 Abnormal EEG Patterns
4.1 EEG Signs of Epilepsy
5 Nonepileptiform Patterns Mimicking Epileptiform Discharges
5.1 Sharp and Slow Artifacts
Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
Contributors
Introduction
Part I: Basic Science
Neuronal Circuits, Anatomical Substrates, and Mechanism of Sleep-Wakefulness
1 Introduction
2 Neuroanatomical Substrates and Control of Wake-Sleep States
2.1 Neuroanatomical Substrates and Control of Wakefulness
2.2 Neuroanatomical Substrates and Control of NREM Sleep
2.2.1 Hypothalamus
2.2.2 Brain Stem
2.2.3 Role of Thalamus
2.2.4 Role of Suprachiasmatic Nucleus
2.3 Mechanisms of Wake-Sleep Transitions
2.4 Neuroanatomical Substrates and Control of REM Sleep
2.4.1 Role of the Pons
2.4.2 Models for REM Sleep Generation
2.4.2.1 McCarley-Hobson Model
2.4.2.2 Lu and Co-workers from the Saper Group
2.4.2.3 The Model Proposed by Luppi's Group
3 Mechanisms Underlying Essential Features of REM Sleep
3.1 REM Motor Atonia
3.2 REM Sleep EEG
3.3 Central Pattern Generators (CPGs) or the Mesencephalic and Spinal Locomotor Generators
References
Part II: Laboratory Techniques
Polysomnographic Recording Technique
1 Introduction
2 Patient Preparation and Laboratory Environment
3 PSG Calibration
3.1 Equipment Calibration
3.2 Physiologic Calibration
4 Technologist Education
5 Technical Considerations and Polysomnography Equipment
5.1 Electroencephalography
5.2 Electrooculography
5.3 Electromyography
5.4 Electrocardiography
5.5 Recording of Respiratory Effort
5.5.1 Respiratory Inductive Plethysmography
5.5.2 Intraesophageal Pressure Monitoring
5.5.3 Polyvinylidene Fluoride Belts
5.5.4 Impedance Pneumography
5.5.5 Respiratory Magnetometers
5.6 Airflow Measurement
5.6.1 Oronasal Temperature Monitoring
5.6.2 Nasal Pressure Monitoring
5.6.3 Pneumotachography
5.7 Detection of Nocturnal Hypoventilation
5.8 Oxygen Saturation
5.9 Esophageal pH
5.10 Body Position Monitoring
5.11 Snoring
5.12 Monitoring of Penile Tumescence
6 Tonic and Phasic Events in REM Sleep
7 Ending the Test
8 Artifacts During PSG Recordings
8.1 Physiologic Artifacts
8.2 Environmental Sources of Electrical Signals
8.3 Instrumental Artifacts
9 Digital Polysomnography
10 Home Sleep Apnea Testing (Portable Monitoring/Oligosomnography)
11 Indications for Polysomnography and HSAT
12 Pitfalls of PSG and HSAT
References
Hypnogram and Compliance Graph Analysis
1 Introduction
References
Electroencephalography for the Sleep Specialist
1 Introduction
2 Method of EEG Recording
3 Normal Waking and Sleep EEG Rhythms in Adults
4 Abnormal EEG Patterns
4.1 EEG Signs of Epilepsy
5 Nonepileptiform Patterns Mimicking Epileptiform Discharges
5.1 Sharp and Slow Artifacts