Intro
Introduction
Contents
A Post-Covid Comparative Analysis of Digital Skills in Vocational Education Teachers for 4 Latin American Countries
1 Introduction
2 Theoretical Background
3 Methodology
3.1 The Digital Competences Framework
3.2 Data
4 Results
5 Conclusions and Recommendations
References
The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Education Learning
1 Introduction
2 The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Student Learning
3 Impact Evaluations of Learning Loss with Actual Data

4 Recent Analysis of the Impact of the Pandemic in Student Achievement
5 The Impact of the Covid Pandemic in Education Equity
6 Meta-Analysis of the Impact of the School Closures in Student Achievement
7 Conclusions and Education Policy Implications
References
The Role of International Education Agencies After the Pandemic
1 Introduction
2 The Shock of the Pandemia
3 A New and Transformed Ibero-American Education
References
Tutoring and Its Effects on Academic Achievement: A Policy Evaluation with Machine Learning Methods
1 Introduction
2 Theoretical Framework

3 Data Collection
3.1 Definition of the Variables in the ML Models
4 Method and Empirical Analysis
4.1 Evaluation of the Model
5 Results and Discussion
5.1 Conditional Probabilities of the Target Variable in the Tree Augmented Naïve Bayesian Network (TAN)
5.2 Conditional Probabilities of the Input Variables in the Tree Augmented Naïve Bayesian Network (TAN)
6 Conclusion
References
The Impact of the School Closures on Bullying and Cyberbullying in Spain
1 Introduction
2 Methods and Data
2.1 Data
2.2 Methods
3 Results
4 Conclusion
References

Virtual or Face-to-Face Education: What Have We Learned from the years of the Pandemic?
1 Introduction
2 Face-to-Face Education
3 Virtual Education
4 Distance Education Versus Face-to-Face Education from the Role of the Teacher
5 Distance Education Versus Face-to-Face Education from the Perspective of the Students
6 Distance Education Versus Face-to-Face Education: Virtual Environments and Media
7 Results Analysis
8 Conclusion
References
Opportunity Costs, Covid-19, and Early Dropout Rate
1 Introduction
2 Early Educational Dropout and School Failure

3 Evolution of Early Dropout Rate in Spain and the European Union
4 Conclusions
References
Random Experiment on Relative Performance Feedback in Higher Education at URJC
1 Introduction
2 Literature Review
3 Objectives
4 Methodology
5 Experimental Design
6 Analysis of the Results
7 Conclusions
References
Gender Gap in STEM Education
1 Introduction
2 What Do We Mean by 'STEM'?
3 Gender Gap in STEM Education
3.1 Are Girls Worse Than Boys at Math?
3.2 Is There Gender Difference in STEM Higher Education?
4 Gender Gap in STEM Education in Europe: Spain Versus European Union