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Table of Contents
1.3.5 Characteristic Resistance (RCH)
1.3.6 Series Resistance (RS)
1.3.7 Shunt Resistance (RSH)
1.3.8 Quantum Efficiency (QE)
1.3.9 Spectral Response (SR)
1.4 History of Solar Cells
1.5 How Do Solar Panels Work?
1.5.1 Photovoltaic (PV) Cells
1.5.2 The Solar Panels
1.5.3 Types of Solar Panel
1.6 The Solar Spectrum
1.7 Solar Cells Generations
1.7.1 First-Generation Solar Cells
1.7.2 Second-Generation Cells
1.7.3 Third-Generation Cells
1.7.4 Fourth-Generation Cells
1.8 Global Solar Power Market
1.9 Cost of Solar Energy
1.10 Factors Affecting the Cost of Solar Cell
1.11 Applications
1.12 Summary
1.13 Points to Remember
References
2 Silicon-Based Solar Cells
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Silicon Substrates
2.3 Processing Steps to Obtain High-Quality Si Substrates
2.3.1 Refining
2.3.2 Crystal Growth
2.3.3 Cutting and Polishing
2.4 Cleaning Steps to Use Si Substrates for Further Application
2.5 Solar Cell Processing Technologies
2.5.1 Texturization
2.5.2 Formation of p-n Junction
2.5.3 Doping by Diffusion
2.5.4 Ion Implantation
2.5.5 Edge Isolation
2.5.6 Anti-reflection Coating
2.5.7 Metallization
2.5.8 Testing and Sorting
2.6 Thin-Film PV Cells and Amorphous Silicon
2.7 Applications
2.7.1 Monocrystalline Silicon Solar Cells
2.7.2 Polycrystalline Silicon Solar Cells
2.7.3 Amorphous Silicon Solar Cells
2.8 Summary
2.9 Important Timelines
References
3 CIGS-Based Solar Cells
3.1 Introduction
3.2 c-Si versus CIGS Solar Cells
3.3 Optical Bandgap
3.3.1 Issues Related to High Bandgap CIGS Layer
3.3.2 Graded Bandgap CIGS Layer
3.4 Implications of Sodium Incorporation
3.5 CIGS Film Deposition Approaches
3.5.1 Co-evaporation Approach
3.5.2 Sequential Deposition Approach: Selenization/Sulfurization
3.5.3 Non-vacuum Deposition Approach
3.6 Buffer Layer and Transparent Conducting Oxide
3.7 Flexible CIGS Solar Cells
3.8 Factors Affecting the Performance of CIGS Solar Cells
3.9 Applications
3.10 Summary
3.11 Important Timelines
References
4 Organic Solar Cells
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Historical Background
4.3 Active Layer Materials
4.3.1 Electron Donor
4.3.2 Electron Acceptor
4.4 Fabrication Approaches
4.5 Basic Working Principles
1.3.6 Series Resistance (RS)
1.3.7 Shunt Resistance (RSH)
1.3.8 Quantum Efficiency (QE)
1.3.9 Spectral Response (SR)
1.4 History of Solar Cells
1.5 How Do Solar Panels Work?
1.5.1 Photovoltaic (PV) Cells
1.5.2 The Solar Panels
1.5.3 Types of Solar Panel
1.6 The Solar Spectrum
1.7 Solar Cells Generations
1.7.1 First-Generation Solar Cells
1.7.2 Second-Generation Cells
1.7.3 Third-Generation Cells
1.7.4 Fourth-Generation Cells
1.8 Global Solar Power Market
1.9 Cost of Solar Energy
1.10 Factors Affecting the Cost of Solar Cell
1.11 Applications
1.12 Summary
1.13 Points to Remember
References
2 Silicon-Based Solar Cells
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Silicon Substrates
2.3 Processing Steps to Obtain High-Quality Si Substrates
2.3.1 Refining
2.3.2 Crystal Growth
2.3.3 Cutting and Polishing
2.4 Cleaning Steps to Use Si Substrates for Further Application
2.5 Solar Cell Processing Technologies
2.5.1 Texturization
2.5.2 Formation of p-n Junction
2.5.3 Doping by Diffusion
2.5.4 Ion Implantation
2.5.5 Edge Isolation
2.5.6 Anti-reflection Coating
2.5.7 Metallization
2.5.8 Testing and Sorting
2.6 Thin-Film PV Cells and Amorphous Silicon
2.7 Applications
2.7.1 Monocrystalline Silicon Solar Cells
2.7.2 Polycrystalline Silicon Solar Cells
2.7.3 Amorphous Silicon Solar Cells
2.8 Summary
2.9 Important Timelines
References
3 CIGS-Based Solar Cells
3.1 Introduction
3.2 c-Si versus CIGS Solar Cells
3.3 Optical Bandgap
3.3.1 Issues Related to High Bandgap CIGS Layer
3.3.2 Graded Bandgap CIGS Layer
3.4 Implications of Sodium Incorporation
3.5 CIGS Film Deposition Approaches
3.5.1 Co-evaporation Approach
3.5.2 Sequential Deposition Approach: Selenization/Sulfurization
3.5.3 Non-vacuum Deposition Approach
3.6 Buffer Layer and Transparent Conducting Oxide
3.7 Flexible CIGS Solar Cells
3.8 Factors Affecting the Performance of CIGS Solar Cells
3.9 Applications
3.10 Summary
3.11 Important Timelines
References
4 Organic Solar Cells
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Historical Background
4.3 Active Layer Materials
4.3.1 Electron Donor
4.3.2 Electron Acceptor
4.4 Fabrication Approaches
4.5 Basic Working Principles