Intro
Preface
About This Book
Contents
About the Authors
1 An Introduction to Oceanography
1.1 The Term Oceanography and Its Scope
1.2 Historical Evolution of this Subject
1.3 The Broad Categorization of Oceanography
1.3.1 Geological Oceanography
1.3.2 Physical Oceanography
1.3.3 Biological Oceanography
1.3.4 Chemical Oceanography
1.4 Oceans and Global Climate
1.5 Oceanic Circulation System
1.6 Global Biogeochemical Cycles
1.6.1 Water Cycle
1.6.2 Carbon Cycle
1.6.3 Nutrient Dynamics
1.7 Ice Dynamics
1.8 Coastal Processes

1.8.1 Waves
1.8.2 Tides
1.8.3 Coastal Geomorphological Dynamics
1.9 Renewable Energy and Resources from the Ocean
1.10 Advancements in Oceanography
References
2 Marine Ecosystems
2.1 Classification of Marine Water Bodies
2.2 Neritic Ecosystems
2.3 Pelagic Ecosystems
2.3.1 Epipelagic Ecosystems
2.3.2 Mesopelagic Ecosystems
2.3.3 Bathypelagic Ecosystems
2.3.4 Abyssalpelagic Ecosystems
2.3.5 Hadalpelagic Ecosystems
2.3.6 Benthic Ecosystems
2.4 Photic and Aphotic Zones
2.5 Intertidal and Littoral Zones
2.6 Coastal Ecosystems
2.6.1 Estuaries

2.6.2 Mangroves
2.6.3 Seagrass
2.6.4 Salt Marshes
2.6.5 Coral Reef
2.6.6 Seaweed
2.6.7 Tidal Flats
2.6.8 Lagoons and Backwaters
2.7 Marine Ecosystem Services
2.7.1 Provisioning Services
2.7.2 Regulating and Supporting Services
2.7.3 Cultural Services
2.8 Scope of Research in Marine Science
References
3 Oceans and Human Activities
3.1 Shipping and Trade
3.2 Ports and Harbours
3.3 Offshore Mining
3.4 Petroleum and Hydrocarbons
3.5 Submarine Cables and Pipelines
3.6 Tourism
3.7 Desalinization
3.8 Capture Fisheries and Seafood

3.9 Genetic Resources and Pharmacy
References
4 Basic Oceanographic Parameters and Their Significance
4.1 General Physicochemical Parameters
4.1.1 Water Temperature
4.1.2 Density
4.1.3 Salinity
4.1.4 Dissolved Oxygen
4.1.5 pH
4.1.6 Suspended Particulate Matter
4.2 Water Column Parameters
4.2.1 Secchi Depth
4.2.2 Euphotic Depth
4.2.3 Turbidity
4.2.4 Underwater Photosynthetically Active Radiation
4.2.5 Mixed Layer Depth
4.2.6 Thermocline Depth
4.2.7 Pycnocline Depth
4.2.8 Halocline Depth
4.3 Carbonate Chemistry Parameters

4.3.1 Dissolved Inorganic Carbon
4.3.2 Total Alkalinity
4.3.3 The Partial Pressure of CO2
4.3.4 Dissolved Organic Carbon
4.3.5 Particulate Organic Carbon
4.3.6 Calcium Carbonate Saturation State
4.3.7 Air-Water CO2 Fluxes
4.4 Biological Productivity Parameters
4.4.1 Gross Primary Productivity
4.4.2 Community Respiration
4.4.3 Net Primary Productivity
4.4.4 Phytoplankton Abundance
4.4.5 Chlorophyll Concentration
4.4.6 Zooplankton Abundance
4.4.7 Trophic State Index (TRIX)
4.5 Essential Nutrients
4.5.1 Nitrate
4.5.2 Nitrite
4.5.3 Ammonia
4.5.4 Total Nitrogen