Intro
Contents
About the Editor
1: ADHD in Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Children
1.1 Establishing an Ecological Perspective on ADHD
1.2 Sociocultural Risk Factors at the Child Level
1.3 Sociocultural Risk Factors at the Microsystem
1.4 Exosystem-Level Risk Factors
1.5 Macrolevel Risk Factors
1.6 Methodological and Conceptual Challenges in Studying ADHD Among Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Children
1.7 Concluding Remarks
References
2: Gender Differences in Adults with ADHD
2.1 ADHD in Adulthood
2.1.1 Presentation of Adult ADHD

2.1.2 Impairments in Adult ADHD
2.2 Gender Differences in ADHD
2.2.1 Theories of Gender Differences in ADHD
2.2.2 Gender Differences in ADHD Presentation
2.3 Symptoms and Impairments Among Women with ADHD
2.3.1 Social Difficulties, Romantic Relationships, and Motherhood
2.3.2 Emotion Dysregulation
2.3.3 Self-Esteem and Internalizing Problems
2.3.4 Sexual Behaviors
2.4 Assessment and Diagnosis of Adult ADHD
2.4.1 Self-Report and Retrospective Recall of Symptoms
2.4.2 Symptoms Relevant to Adult ADHD
2.5 Treatment
2.5.1 Medication Treatment

2.5.1.1 Stimulant Misuse
2.5.1.2 Pharmacotherapy and Women with ADHD
2.5.2 Psychosocial Interventions
2.6 Future Directions
2.6.1 Expanding Knowledge of Adult ADHD Beyond 25 -Year-Old White Men
2.6.2 ADHD in the Transgender, Non-Binary, and Gender Non-Conforming Population
2.7 Conclusion
References
3: Autonomic Nervous System Functioning in ADHD
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Arousal and the Autonomic Nervous System
3.2.1 Structural Components of the Autonomic Nervous System
3.2.2 Indices of Autonomic Nervous System Functioning in Humans

3.2.3 The Role of the Autonomic Nervous System in Cognition and Self-Regulation
3.2.4 Development of the Autonomic Nervous System in Humans
3.3 Theoretical Models of Autonomic Nervous System Dysfunction in ADHD
3.4 Evidence of Dysregulation of the Autonomic Nervous System in ADHD
3.4.1 Salivary Alpha-Amylase and Cortisol
3.4.2 Peripheral Indices of Autonomic Nervous System Functioning
3.4.2.1 Evidence from Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis
3.4.2.2 Evidence from Recent Studies on Cardiovascular Measures and Electrodermal Activity
Resting State

Cognitive Tasks and Reward Processing
Socioemotional Tasks
3.4.2.3 Evidence from Recent Studies on Pupil Size
3.4.3 Functioning of the Enteric Nervous System and the Gut-Brain Axis in ADHD
3.4.4 Summary of Studies Investigating Autonomic Functioning in ADHD
3.5 Autonomic Dysregulation and Co-occurring Psychiatric Symptoms in ADHD
3.5.1 Oppositional Defiant Disorder and Conduct Disorder
3.5.2 Autism Spectrum Disorder
3.5.3 Mood Disorder and Emotional Dysregulation
3.5.4 Sluggish-Cognitive Tempo