Intro
Preface
Contents
Chapter 1: Description of Data and Essential Probability Models
1.1 Types of Data
1.2 Description of Data
1.2.1 Distribution
1.2.2 Description of Categorical Data
1.2.3 Description of Continuous Data
1.2.4 Stem-and-Leaf Plot
1.2.5 Box-and-Whisker Plot
1.3 Descriptive Statistics
1.3.1 Statistic
1.3.2 Central Tendency Descriptive Statistics for Quantitative Outcomes
1.3.3 Dispersion Descriptive Statistics for Quantitative Outcomes
1.3.4 Variance
1.3.5 Standard Deviation

1.3.6 Property of Standard Deviation After Data Transformations
1.3.7 Other Descriptive Statistics for Dispersion
1.3.8 Dispersions Among Multiple Data Sets
1.3.9 Caution to CV Interpretation
1.4 Statistics for Describing Relationships Between Two Outcomes
1.4.1 Linear Correlation Between Two Continuous Outcomes
1.4.2 Contingency Table to Describe an Association Between Two Categorical Outcomes
1.4.3 Odds Ratio
1.5 Two Essential Probability Distribution
1.5.1 Gaussian Distribution
1.5.2 Probability Density Function of Gaussian Distribution

1.5.3 Application of Gaussian Distribution
1.5.4 Standard Normal Distribution
1.5.5 Binomial Distribution
Bibliography
Chapter 2: Statistical Inference Concentrating on a Single Mean
2.1 Population and Sample
2.1.1 Sampling and Non-sampling Errors
2.1.2 Sample Distribution and Sampling Distribution
2.1.3 Standard Error
2.1.4 Sampling Methods and Sampling Variability of the Sample Means
2.2 Statistical Inference
2.2.1 Data Reduction and Related Nomenclatures
2.2.2 Central Limit Theorem
2.2.3 The t-Distribution
2.2.4 Hypothesis Testing

2.2.4.1 Frame of Hypothesis Testing
2.2.4.2 Step-by-Step Overview of Hypothesis Testing
2.2.4.3 Stating Null and Alternative Hypotheses
2.2.4.4 How to Phrase the Statistical Hypotheses
2.2.4.5 Significance of the Test
2.2.4.6 One-Sample t-Test
2.2.4.7 Comments on Statistically Significant Test Results
2.2.4.8 Types of Errors in Hypothesis Tests
2.2.5 Accuracy and Precision
2.2.6 Interval Estimation and Confidence Interval
2.2.6.1 Overview
2.2.6.2 Confidence Interval for a Mean
2.2.6.3 Confidence Interval for a Proportion
2.2.7 Bayesian Inference

2.2.8 Study Design and Its Impact to Accuracy and Precision
2.2.8.1 Sampling and Non-sampling Error Control
2.2.8.2 Study Types and Related Study Designs
2.2.8.3 Observational Study Designs
2.2.8.4 Experimental Study Designs
Bibliography
Chapter 3: t-Tests for Two-Mean Comparison
3.1 Independent Samples t-Test for Comparing Two Independent Means
3.1.1 Independent Samples t-Test When Variances Are Unequal
3.1.2 Denominator Formulae of the Test Statistic for Independent Samples t-Test
3.1.3 Connection to the Confidence Interval