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Table of Contents
Intro
Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
About the Author
Part I: MS: Understanding the Disease
1: What Is MS? A First Overview
1.1 Jennifer's Story
1.2 First Things First: A Few Facts and Figures About MS
1.3 How the Central Nervous System Is Structured: Anatomy
1.3.1 The Central Nervous System: Brain and Spinal Cord
1.3.2 Corpus Callosum and Spinal Cord
1.4 Immune System and its Influence on the Central Nervous System: The Consequences
1.4.1 When the Body Attacks Itself: Autoimmune Disease
1.4.2 Nerve Cell: Dendrites, Axon and its Sheath, the Myelin
1.4.3 Short Circuit in the Nervous System and Its Consequences
1.4.4 Iceberg Model: Disease Activity and Inflammatory Activity
1.5 How Multiple Sclerosis Manifests Itself: MS Relapse and Typical Symptoms
1.5.1 "Typical" MS Symptoms
1.5.2 MS Can Be Overlooked at First
1.6 How the Disease Can Run Its Course
2: Do I Really Have MS?
2.1 The Path to Diagnosis
2.1.1 Important Diagnostic Criteria: Spatial and Dissemination in Time
2.2 What Tests Are Used to Detect MS: Methods
2.2.1 Questions About Questions: What the Anamnesis Can Do
2.2.2 When Your Doctor Swings the Hammer: The Neurological Examination
2.2.3 Measuring the "Cable Run" Electrically: The "EPs"
2.2.4 For the Earliest Possible Detection: The MRI
2.2.5 More Than Just Water: CSF Examination and Oligoclonal Bands
2.2.6 CIS: The Clinically Isolated Syndrome
2.2.7 Changed Diagnostic Criteria Since 2017
3: A Trip into Our Immune System
3.1 The Players in Our Immune System: Lymphocytes, Antibodies and Others.
3.1.1 The Stem Cell in the Bone Marrow: The "Mother" of the Immune System
3.1.2 The Lymphoid and the Myeloid Progenitor Cell
3.1.3 The White Blood Cells: "The Police" in the Blood
3.1.4 The Innate Immune System: Granulocytes, Monocytes and Macrophages
3.1.5 The Acquired Immune System: T and B Lymphocytes
3.1.6 Friend or Foe: The Maturation Process of T Lymphocytes and Immunological Imprinting
3.1.7 The B Lymphocytes and the Perfect Defence
3.1.8 The Phagocytes: "Big Eaters"
3.1.9 T Lymphocyte Activation: Here We Go!
3.1.10 The Counterparts: The Regulatory T Lymphocytes
3.1.11 B Lymphocyte Activation, Plasma Cells and Custom-Made Antibodies
3.1.12 Reminder: The Memory Cell
3.2 The Inflammatory Attack Against the Nervous System
3.2.1 Activated T Lymphocytes Invade the Brain
3.2.2 T Lymphocytes in Imbalance: The T-Regulatory Cells Are Weakening
3.2.3 The Attack Against the Myelin: Common Cause with the B Lymphocytes
3.2.4 B-Cell Nests: A New Discovery
4: Why MRI?
4.1 My MRI Report: Not a Closed Book!
4.2 Anatomical Terms You Should Know
Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
About the Author
Part I: MS: Understanding the Disease
1: What Is MS? A First Overview
1.1 Jennifer's Story
1.2 First Things First: A Few Facts and Figures About MS
1.3 How the Central Nervous System Is Structured: Anatomy
1.3.1 The Central Nervous System: Brain and Spinal Cord
1.3.2 Corpus Callosum and Spinal Cord
1.4 Immune System and its Influence on the Central Nervous System: The Consequences
1.4.1 When the Body Attacks Itself: Autoimmune Disease
1.4.2 Nerve Cell: Dendrites, Axon and its Sheath, the Myelin
1.4.3 Short Circuit in the Nervous System and Its Consequences
1.4.4 Iceberg Model: Disease Activity and Inflammatory Activity
1.5 How Multiple Sclerosis Manifests Itself: MS Relapse and Typical Symptoms
1.5.1 "Typical" MS Symptoms
1.5.2 MS Can Be Overlooked at First
1.6 How the Disease Can Run Its Course
2: Do I Really Have MS?
2.1 The Path to Diagnosis
2.1.1 Important Diagnostic Criteria: Spatial and Dissemination in Time
2.2 What Tests Are Used to Detect MS: Methods
2.2.1 Questions About Questions: What the Anamnesis Can Do
2.2.2 When Your Doctor Swings the Hammer: The Neurological Examination
2.2.3 Measuring the "Cable Run" Electrically: The "EPs"
2.2.4 For the Earliest Possible Detection: The MRI
2.2.5 More Than Just Water: CSF Examination and Oligoclonal Bands
2.2.6 CIS: The Clinically Isolated Syndrome
2.2.7 Changed Diagnostic Criteria Since 2017
3: A Trip into Our Immune System
3.1 The Players in Our Immune System: Lymphocytes, Antibodies and Others.
3.1.1 The Stem Cell in the Bone Marrow: The "Mother" of the Immune System
3.1.2 The Lymphoid and the Myeloid Progenitor Cell
3.1.3 The White Blood Cells: "The Police" in the Blood
3.1.4 The Innate Immune System: Granulocytes, Monocytes and Macrophages
3.1.5 The Acquired Immune System: T and B Lymphocytes
3.1.6 Friend or Foe: The Maturation Process of T Lymphocytes and Immunological Imprinting
3.1.7 The B Lymphocytes and the Perfect Defence
3.1.8 The Phagocytes: "Big Eaters"
3.1.9 T Lymphocyte Activation: Here We Go!
3.1.10 The Counterparts: The Regulatory T Lymphocytes
3.1.11 B Lymphocyte Activation, Plasma Cells and Custom-Made Antibodies
3.1.12 Reminder: The Memory Cell
3.2 The Inflammatory Attack Against the Nervous System
3.2.1 Activated T Lymphocytes Invade the Brain
3.2.2 T Lymphocytes in Imbalance: The T-Regulatory Cells Are Weakening
3.2.3 The Attack Against the Myelin: Common Cause with the B Lymphocytes
3.2.4 B-Cell Nests: A New Discovery
4: Why MRI?
4.1 My MRI Report: Not a Closed Book!
4.2 Anatomical Terms You Should Know