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Table of Contents
Cover
Preface
About the Illustrator: Maury Aaseng
Contributors
Reviewers
Acknowledgments
Section 1. Neuroanatomical and Neurophysiological Foundations
Chapter 1. Introduction and Organization of Neuroscience Fundamentals in Communication Sciences and Disorders
What Is Neuroscience?
What Is This Book About?
The View From 30,000 Feet Up
Overview of Section 1: Neuroanatomical and Neurophysiological Foundations
Overview of Section 2: Sensory Systems
Overview of Section 3: Motor Systems
Overview of Section 4: Neural Substrates of
Speech, Language, and Hearing Study Strategies and Tips
Closing Thoughts
Chapter 2. Basic Structure and Function of Neurons
Introduction and Learning Objectives
Discovery of Two Classes of Cells in the Nervous System
The Neuron
Neurons Are Made for Signaling and Communication
Neurons Never Function Alone
Neurons Perform Fundamental Activities
Reflexes Provide a Window Into the Fundamental Operation of Neural Networks
Nerve Cells Have Different Shapes, Sizes, and Functions
Structural Features of the Neuron
Soma, Cell Membrane, and Cytoskeleton
Cytoplasm
Mitochondria
Smooth and Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Apparatus
The Nucleus Mediates the Process of Gene Expression
Axons and Dendrites
The Glial Cell
Glial Cells Are Divided Into Two Major Functional Groups
Conclusion
The Top Ten List
Chapter 2 Abbreviations
Study Questions and Activities
References
Chapter 3. Basics of Neural Signaling and Synaptic Function
Introduction and Learning Objectives
Foundations of Neural Signaling: The Nature of Information in the Nervous System
Electronics 101
Gradients: Putting Substances Into Motion
Developing an Electrical Gradient
Voltage, Current, and Resistance.
The Fluid Environment of the Neuron: Intracellular and Extracellular Composition
Ion Channels: Tunnels Across the Neuron's Cell Membrane
Ion Channels Can Control the Motion of Ions
Ion Channels Can Gate Ionic Current in Three Ways
Some Ion Channels Are Always Open
Ion Pumps Are Active Transporters of Ions Across the Neuron's Cell Membrane
Understanding Membrane Potentials
Membrane Voltages Are Created by a Separation of Charges
Vm Can Be Changed by Ionic Gradients and Currents
Development of the Neuron's Resting Membrane Potential
The Action Potential
Voltage-Gated Ion Channels Are Chiefly Responsible for AP Generation
Voltage-Gated Na+ and K+ Channels Differ in Their Opening Speed
The Action Potential in "Action"
Propagation of the Action Potential Down the Axon
Synapses: The Point of Communication Between Neurons
Electrical Synapses Allow for Virtually Instantaneous Signal Transmission
Chemical Synapses: The Workhorse of the Nervous System
Structure of the Chemical Synapse
Chemical Synapse Function: Transmission Phase
Chemical Synapse Function: Receptive Phase
Postsynaptic Receptors Belong to Two Different Functional Classes
Ending Chemical Synaptic Transmission: "Cleaning Up After the Party"
Neurotransmitters Can Be Divided Into a Handful of Chemical Classes
A Few Final Words on Neurotransmission
Neural Integration: Closing (and Opening) the Neural Signaling Loop
The "Government Analogy" of Neural Integration in the Postsynaptic Cell
Concluding Thoughts on Neurobiology
The Top Ten List
Chapter 3 Abbreviations
Study Questions and Activities
References
Chapter 4. Neuroanatomy of the Human Nervous System: Anatomical Nomenclature, Embryology, the Spinal Cord, and the Brainstem
Introduction and Learning Objectives.
Getting Around the Nervous System: Anatomical Planes and Orientations
Anatomical Orientations
Anatomical Planes
Gray Versus White Matter in the Nervous System
Gray Matter in the CNS and PNS
White Matter Consists of Bundles of Axons
A Brief Tour of the Embryologic Development of the Nervous System
The Human Embryo Is a Multilayered Collection of Cells
Neural Crest and Neural Tube Cells Differentiate Into the PNS and CNS
Major Anatomical Structures and Functions of the Human Central Nervous System
The Skull and Vertebral Column House and
Protect the Tissues of the CNS The Spinal Cord
External Spinal Cord Structures
Internal Spinal Cord Structures: Gray Matter
Internal Spinal Cord Structure: White Matter
The Brainstem: An Overview
The Medulla
Medulla: External Features
Medulla: Internal Features
The Pons
Pons: External Features
Pons: Internal Features
The Mesencephalon
Mesencephalon: External Features
Mesencephalon: Internal Features
The Top Ten List
Chapter 4 Abbreviations
Study Questions and Activities
References
Chapter 5. Neuroanatomy of the Human Nervous System: Cranial Nerve Systems
Introduction and Learning Objectives
Organization of the Cranial Nerves and Nuclei in the Brainstem
Functional Classifications of the Cranial Nerves
Motor: General Somatic Efferent (GSE)
Motor: Special Visceral Efferent (SVE)
Motor: General Visceral Efferent (GVE)
Sensory: General Somatic Afferent (GSA)
Sensory: General Visceral Afferent (GVA)
Sensory: Special Somatic Afferent (SSA)
Sensory: Special Visceral Afferent (SVA)
Cranial Nerves: Normal and Disordered Functions
CN I: Olfactory (SVA)
CN II: Optic (SSA)
CN III: Oculomotor (GSE and GVE)
CN IV: Trochlear (GSE)
CN V: Trigeminal (GSA and SVE)
CN VI: Abducens (GSE).
CN VII: Facial (SVE, GVE, SVA, GSA)
CN VIII: Auditory-Vestibular (SSA)
CN IX: Glossopharyngeal (SVE, GVE, GVA, SVA, GSA)
CN X: Vagus (SVE, GVE, GVA, SVA, GSA)
CN XI: Spinal Accessory (SVE)
CN XII: Hypoglossal (GSE)
The Top Ten List
Chapter 5 Abbreviations
Study Questions and Activities
References
CHAPTER 6. Neuroanatomy of the Human Nervous System: The Diencephalon, Cerebrum, and the Cerebral Cortex
Introduction and Learning Objectives
The Diencephalon
The Thalamus: "Gatekeeper" of Ascending Information to the Cerebral Cortex
The Thalamus Is a Collection of Nuclei With Unique Inputs and Outputs
The Hypothalamus: "CEO" of the Body's Homeostatic Regulatory Systems
The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis (HPA) Operates as a Feedback Control System
Hypothalamus Consists of Numerous Nuclei With Unique Operations
Hypothalamic Nuclei Participate in a Wide Range of Homeostatic Functions
The Cerebrum: The Center of Our Lives and Who We Are
The Lobes of the Cerebrum
The Frontal Lobe: The Cognitive and Motor Control Center of the Cerebrum
Frontal Lobe: Anatomical Features
Frontal Lobe: Functional Features
The Parietal Lobe: Multimodal Sensory Center of the Cerebrum
Parietal Lobe: Anatomical Features
Parietal Lobe: Functional Features
The Temporal Lobe: The "Can You Hear Me Now" and "What Am I" Cerebral Region
Temporal Lobe: Anatomical Features
Temporal Lobe: Functional Features
The Occipital Lobe: The Visual Center of the Cerebrum
Occipital Lobe: Anatomical Features
Occipital Lobe: Functional Features
The Insula: Is It a Lobe or Not?
The Cerebral Cortex
Anatomical Features of the Cerebral Cortex
Organization of the Cerebral Cortex: Brodmann's Areas and Cortical Columns
The Cortex Is Arranged to Support Serial and Parallel Processing of Information.
The Cortex Is Organized to Support Cognition
Parietal Association Areas Mediate Visual Guidance, Spatial Awareness, and Attention
Temporal Association Areas Recognize Complex Objects
Phineas Gage and the Iron Spike: An Accidental Study of the Frontal Association Area
The Limbic System (Limbic Association Area): Emotional Center of the Brain
Hippocampal Formation Is Involved in Spatial Learning and Long-Term Memory
Hippocampal Formation Anatomy: Hippocampus, Dentate Gyrus, and Subiculum
Amygdala Mediates Threat, Anxiety, and Aggressive Behaviors
Anterior Cingulate Gyrus: At the Crossroads of Emotion and Cognition
Septal Area: Key Component of CNS's Reward System
Interhemispheric Connectivity and Cerebral Dominance
The Top Ten List
Chapter 6 Abbreviations
Study Questions and Activities
References
Chapter 7. Neuroanatomy of the Human Nervous System: White Matter Tracts, Protective Infrastructure, and the Brain's Blood Supply
Introduction and Learning Objectives
Connectivity and White Matter Pathways of the CNS
Association Fibers Interconnect Areas Within a Hemisphere
Commissural Fibers Link Brain Regions Across the Midline
Projection Fibers Shuttle Information to and From the Brain
Protecting the CNS From Harm: The Meninges and the Ventricular System
The Meninges
The Ventricular System
The Vascular System of the Brain
Neurovascular Complex Is Divided Into Arterial and Venous Systems
Anterior Arterial System
Posterior Arterial System
Venous System Sinuses Drain Deoxygenated Blood Back to the Heart
Vascular Pathology Can Arise From Three General Situations
Aneurysms and Hemorrhagic Stroke
Ischemic Events
Arteriovenous Malformations
The Top Ten List
Chapter 7 Abbreviations
Study Questions and Activities
References
Section 2. Sensory Systems.
Chapter 8. Basic Principles of Sensation and Perception.
Preface
About the Illustrator: Maury Aaseng
Contributors
Reviewers
Acknowledgments
Section 1. Neuroanatomical and Neurophysiological Foundations
Chapter 1. Introduction and Organization of Neuroscience Fundamentals in Communication Sciences and Disorders
What Is Neuroscience?
What Is This Book About?
The View From 30,000 Feet Up
Overview of Section 1: Neuroanatomical and Neurophysiological Foundations
Overview of Section 2: Sensory Systems
Overview of Section 3: Motor Systems
Overview of Section 4: Neural Substrates of
Speech, Language, and Hearing Study Strategies and Tips
Closing Thoughts
Chapter 2. Basic Structure and Function of Neurons
Introduction and Learning Objectives
Discovery of Two Classes of Cells in the Nervous System
The Neuron
Neurons Are Made for Signaling and Communication
Neurons Never Function Alone
Neurons Perform Fundamental Activities
Reflexes Provide a Window Into the Fundamental Operation of Neural Networks
Nerve Cells Have Different Shapes, Sizes, and Functions
Structural Features of the Neuron
Soma, Cell Membrane, and Cytoskeleton
Cytoplasm
Mitochondria
Smooth and Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Apparatus
The Nucleus Mediates the Process of Gene Expression
Axons and Dendrites
The Glial Cell
Glial Cells Are Divided Into Two Major Functional Groups
Conclusion
The Top Ten List
Chapter 2 Abbreviations
Study Questions and Activities
References
Chapter 3. Basics of Neural Signaling and Synaptic Function
Introduction and Learning Objectives
Foundations of Neural Signaling: The Nature of Information in the Nervous System
Electronics 101
Gradients: Putting Substances Into Motion
Developing an Electrical Gradient
Voltage, Current, and Resistance.
The Fluid Environment of the Neuron: Intracellular and Extracellular Composition
Ion Channels: Tunnels Across the Neuron's Cell Membrane
Ion Channels Can Control the Motion of Ions
Ion Channels Can Gate Ionic Current in Three Ways
Some Ion Channels Are Always Open
Ion Pumps Are Active Transporters of Ions Across the Neuron's Cell Membrane
Understanding Membrane Potentials
Membrane Voltages Are Created by a Separation of Charges
Vm Can Be Changed by Ionic Gradients and Currents
Development of the Neuron's Resting Membrane Potential
The Action Potential
Voltage-Gated Ion Channels Are Chiefly Responsible for AP Generation
Voltage-Gated Na+ and K+ Channels Differ in Their Opening Speed
The Action Potential in "Action"
Propagation of the Action Potential Down the Axon
Synapses: The Point of Communication Between Neurons
Electrical Synapses Allow for Virtually Instantaneous Signal Transmission
Chemical Synapses: The Workhorse of the Nervous System
Structure of the Chemical Synapse
Chemical Synapse Function: Transmission Phase
Chemical Synapse Function: Receptive Phase
Postsynaptic Receptors Belong to Two Different Functional Classes
Ending Chemical Synaptic Transmission: "Cleaning Up After the Party"
Neurotransmitters Can Be Divided Into a Handful of Chemical Classes
A Few Final Words on Neurotransmission
Neural Integration: Closing (and Opening) the Neural Signaling Loop
The "Government Analogy" of Neural Integration in the Postsynaptic Cell
Concluding Thoughts on Neurobiology
The Top Ten List
Chapter 3 Abbreviations
Study Questions and Activities
References
Chapter 4. Neuroanatomy of the Human Nervous System: Anatomical Nomenclature, Embryology, the Spinal Cord, and the Brainstem
Introduction and Learning Objectives.
Getting Around the Nervous System: Anatomical Planes and Orientations
Anatomical Orientations
Anatomical Planes
Gray Versus White Matter in the Nervous System
Gray Matter in the CNS and PNS
White Matter Consists of Bundles of Axons
A Brief Tour of the Embryologic Development of the Nervous System
The Human Embryo Is a Multilayered Collection of Cells
Neural Crest and Neural Tube Cells Differentiate Into the PNS and CNS
Major Anatomical Structures and Functions of the Human Central Nervous System
The Skull and Vertebral Column House and
Protect the Tissues of the CNS The Spinal Cord
External Spinal Cord Structures
Internal Spinal Cord Structures: Gray Matter
Internal Spinal Cord Structure: White Matter
The Brainstem: An Overview
The Medulla
Medulla: External Features
Medulla: Internal Features
The Pons
Pons: External Features
Pons: Internal Features
The Mesencephalon
Mesencephalon: External Features
Mesencephalon: Internal Features
The Top Ten List
Chapter 4 Abbreviations
Study Questions and Activities
References
Chapter 5. Neuroanatomy of the Human Nervous System: Cranial Nerve Systems
Introduction and Learning Objectives
Organization of the Cranial Nerves and Nuclei in the Brainstem
Functional Classifications of the Cranial Nerves
Motor: General Somatic Efferent (GSE)
Motor: Special Visceral Efferent (SVE)
Motor: General Visceral Efferent (GVE)
Sensory: General Somatic Afferent (GSA)
Sensory: General Visceral Afferent (GVA)
Sensory: Special Somatic Afferent (SSA)
Sensory: Special Visceral Afferent (SVA)
Cranial Nerves: Normal and Disordered Functions
CN I: Olfactory (SVA)
CN II: Optic (SSA)
CN III: Oculomotor (GSE and GVE)
CN IV: Trochlear (GSE)
CN V: Trigeminal (GSA and SVE)
CN VI: Abducens (GSE).
CN VII: Facial (SVE, GVE, SVA, GSA)
CN VIII: Auditory-Vestibular (SSA)
CN IX: Glossopharyngeal (SVE, GVE, GVA, SVA, GSA)
CN X: Vagus (SVE, GVE, GVA, SVA, GSA)
CN XI: Spinal Accessory (SVE)
CN XII: Hypoglossal (GSE)
The Top Ten List
Chapter 5 Abbreviations
Study Questions and Activities
References
CHAPTER 6. Neuroanatomy of the Human Nervous System: The Diencephalon, Cerebrum, and the Cerebral Cortex
Introduction and Learning Objectives
The Diencephalon
The Thalamus: "Gatekeeper" of Ascending Information to the Cerebral Cortex
The Thalamus Is a Collection of Nuclei With Unique Inputs and Outputs
The Hypothalamus: "CEO" of the Body's Homeostatic Regulatory Systems
The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis (HPA) Operates as a Feedback Control System
Hypothalamus Consists of Numerous Nuclei With Unique Operations
Hypothalamic Nuclei Participate in a Wide Range of Homeostatic Functions
The Cerebrum: The Center of Our Lives and Who We Are
The Lobes of the Cerebrum
The Frontal Lobe: The Cognitive and Motor Control Center of the Cerebrum
Frontal Lobe: Anatomical Features
Frontal Lobe: Functional Features
The Parietal Lobe: Multimodal Sensory Center of the Cerebrum
Parietal Lobe: Anatomical Features
Parietal Lobe: Functional Features
The Temporal Lobe: The "Can You Hear Me Now" and "What Am I" Cerebral Region
Temporal Lobe: Anatomical Features
Temporal Lobe: Functional Features
The Occipital Lobe: The Visual Center of the Cerebrum
Occipital Lobe: Anatomical Features
Occipital Lobe: Functional Features
The Insula: Is It a Lobe or Not?
The Cerebral Cortex
Anatomical Features of the Cerebral Cortex
Organization of the Cerebral Cortex: Brodmann's Areas and Cortical Columns
The Cortex Is Arranged to Support Serial and Parallel Processing of Information.
The Cortex Is Organized to Support Cognition
Parietal Association Areas Mediate Visual Guidance, Spatial Awareness, and Attention
Temporal Association Areas Recognize Complex Objects
Phineas Gage and the Iron Spike: An Accidental Study of the Frontal Association Area
The Limbic System (Limbic Association Area): Emotional Center of the Brain
Hippocampal Formation Is Involved in Spatial Learning and Long-Term Memory
Hippocampal Formation Anatomy: Hippocampus, Dentate Gyrus, and Subiculum
Amygdala Mediates Threat, Anxiety, and Aggressive Behaviors
Anterior Cingulate Gyrus: At the Crossroads of Emotion and Cognition
Septal Area: Key Component of CNS's Reward System
Interhemispheric Connectivity and Cerebral Dominance
The Top Ten List
Chapter 6 Abbreviations
Study Questions and Activities
References
Chapter 7. Neuroanatomy of the Human Nervous System: White Matter Tracts, Protective Infrastructure, and the Brain's Blood Supply
Introduction and Learning Objectives
Connectivity and White Matter Pathways of the CNS
Association Fibers Interconnect Areas Within a Hemisphere
Commissural Fibers Link Brain Regions Across the Midline
Projection Fibers Shuttle Information to and From the Brain
Protecting the CNS From Harm: The Meninges and the Ventricular System
The Meninges
The Ventricular System
The Vascular System of the Brain
Neurovascular Complex Is Divided Into Arterial and Venous Systems
Anterior Arterial System
Posterior Arterial System
Venous System Sinuses Drain Deoxygenated Blood Back to the Heart
Vascular Pathology Can Arise From Three General Situations
Aneurysms and Hemorrhagic Stroke
Ischemic Events
Arteriovenous Malformations
The Top Ten List
Chapter 7 Abbreviations
Study Questions and Activities
References
Section 2. Sensory Systems.
Chapter 8. Basic Principles of Sensation and Perception.