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Table of Contents
Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
List of Figures and Tables
Figure 1: The porphyry sculptural group of the Tetrarchs, embedded in the façade of St Mark's cathed
Figure 2: Marble statue of Herakles from the Antikythera shipwreck. Now in the National Archaeological Museum of Athens. ©Author.
Figure 3: The Youth of Antikythera, from the Antikythera shipwreck. Now in the National Archaeological Museum of Athens. ©Author.
Figure 4: The medium-scale bronze sculpture found at the sea off Marathon. Now in the National Archaeological Museum at Athens. ©Author.
Figure 5: The god (Zeus/Poseidon) found off cape Artemission. Now in the National Archaeological Museum at Athens. ©Author.
Figure 6: The bronze sculptural group of the Horse and the Jockey found off cape Artemission. Now in the National Archaeological Museum at Athens. ©Author.
Figure 7: The large-scale marble female sculpture found in the sea off Rhodes. Now in the Archaeological Museum of Rhodes. ©Author.
Figure 8: One of the sculptural reliefs retrieved from a shipwreck in the harbour of Piraeus. Now in the Archaeological Museum of Piraeus. ©Author.
Figure 9: Head of a large-scale marble statue, probably retrieved from a shipwreck in the harbour of Piraeus. Now in the Archaeological Museum of Piraeus. ©Author.
Figure 10: Unfinished small-scale marble sculpture, probably retrieved from a shipwreck in the harbour of Piraeus. Now in the Archaeological Museum of Piraeus. ©Author.
Figure 11: Bronze statue of a young boy found in the sea off Hierapetra, in Crete, Greece. Now in the Archaeological Museum of Herakleion. ©Author.
Figure 12: The under life-size bronze male sculpture found off Fano, Italy. Now in the Getty Villa, in Los Angeles, USA. ©Author.
Figure 13: Riace statue A, now in the Museo Nazionale della Magna Grecia. ©Author.
Figure 14: Riace statue B, now in the Museo Nazionale della Magna Grecia. ©Author.
Figure 15: The Northern Aegean sculpture, a fragment from a bronze equestrian statue with Julio-Claudian portrait characteristics. Now in the National Archaeological Museum at Athens. ©Author.
Figure 16: The Marsala 1980s sculpture, a large-scale marble statue of a warrior, displayed in the Museo Archeologico Regionale Lilibeo di Marsala - Baglio Anselmi. ©Author.
Figure 17: Three sculptures and a column capital from the Lixouri shipwreck. Now in the Building of Pasha in the castle of Pylos, Greece. ©Author.
Figure 18: The Mazara del Vallo 1998 sculpture, also known as the bronze statue of the dancing satyr, displayed in the Museo del Satiro Danzante in Mazara del Vallo, Sicily. ©Author.
Figure 19: The Mazara del Vallo 1999 sculpture, fragment of the foot and leg of an elephant sculpture, displayed in the Museo del Satiro Danzante in Mazara del Vallo, Sicily. ©Author.
Figure 20: The Marsala 2014 sculpture in the 2016 exhibition 'Storms, War and Shipwrecks: Treasures from the Sicilian Seas' of the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford, UK. ©Author.
Figure 21: Unknown sculpture (National Archaeological Museum Athens) or 'Saarbrucken Ephebe'. Now in the National Archaeological Museum at Athens. ©Author.
Figure 22: Map showing the geographical distribution of the database entries of this PhD and their classification according to the material of their sculptures. ©Author.
Figure 23: Classification of the recorded entries according to the date of their underwater deposit. ©Author.
Figure 24: Graph representing the frequency of centuries appearing in the dating of known underwater archaeological contexts with freestanding sculptural material, as suggested in the already existing scholarship. ©Author.
Figure 25: Visual representation of the dating of the database entries of this PhD with known underwater archaeological contexts as recorded in the already existing scholarship. ©Author.
Figure 26: Classification of the recorded entries, according to the type of the underwater deposit. ©Author.
Figure 27: A graph showing the recorded entries classified according to the material of the sculptures that they carried. ©Author.
Figure 28: The recorded entries classified according to the size of the sculptures that they include. Note that, due to the incomplete state of the academic scholarship, this classification is not absolute. ©Author.
Figure 29: The dating of the database entries in relation to the reasons and patterns for the transport of sculptures. ©Author.
Figure 30: The location of the Porticello shipwreck in the Straits of Messina between Southern Italy and Sicily. ©Author.
Figure 31: Map showing the known provenance of shipboard items and transported cargo of the Porticello ship. ©Author.
Figure 32: Bronze statue head of an old, bearded man from the Porticello shipwreck, currently in the National Archaeological Museum of Reggio Calabria, Italy. ©Author.
Figure 33: Bronze statue head of a bearded youth from the Porticello shipwreck, currently in the National Archaeological Museum of Reggio Calabria, Italy. ©Author.
Figure 34: The location of the Favaritx shipwreck off the coast of Menorca, Spain. ©Author.
Figure 35: Other Mediterranean underwater deposits transporting discarded bronze sculptures together with other metal objects with the intention to be recycled as scrap. ©Author.
Figure 36: Bronze figurine of a male figure from the Favaritx shipwreck. Currently in the Museum of Menorca (Inv.No.21567). ©Author.
Figure 37: Anthropomorphic bronze figurine from the Favaritx shipwreck. Currently in the Museum of Menorca (Inv.No.40747
CAP-05/377). ©Author.
Figure 38: Two small bronze objects, one sculptural fragment representing animal teeth and one bronze star polygon from the Favaritx shipwreck. Currently in the Museum of Menorca (Inv.No.21832). ©Author.
Figure 39: A small-scale bronze sculptural fragment of an animal foot from the Favaritx shipwreck. Currently in the Museum of Menorca (Inv.No.21521). ©Author.
Figure 40: Head of a small-scale bronze horse from the Favaritx shipwreck. Currently in the Museum of Menorca (Inv.No.21543). ©Author.
Figure 41: Hollow bronze object from the Favaritx shipwreck. Currently in the Museum of Menorca (Inv.No.21849). ©Author.
Figure 42: Bronze cross fragment, possibly attachment to a bronze vessel or lamp. From the Favaritx shipwreck, currently in the Museum of Menorca (Inv.No.21575). ©Author.
Figure 43: Irregular metal ingot from the Favaritx shipwreck. Currently in the Museum of Menorca (Inv.No.21534). ©Author.
Figure 44: Three irregular metal ingots from the Favaritx shipwreck. Currently in the Museum of Menorca (Inv.No.21596). ©Author.
Figure 45: Reconstructed bronze candelabrum from the Favaritx shipwreck. Currently in the Museum of Menorca (Inv.No.21537). ©Author.
Figure 46: Coarseware jug found in the Favaritx shipwreck. Currently in the Museum of Menorca. ©Author.
Figure 47: Map showing the location of the Mahdia shipwreck off the coast of Tunisia. ©Author.
Figure 48: Map showing the provenance of material carried in the Mahdia ship. The size of the circles indicates only approximate geographical areas, from where the material could have originated, and not number of transported artefacts. ©Author.
Acknowledgements
List of Abbreviations
Introduction.
Ancient sculptures lost at sea
Interpreting the maritime transport and underwater deposition of ancient sculptures in the Mediterranean Sea
Aims, objectives and research questions of the project
Structure of this book
Primary sources and literature review
Introduction
Ancient sources and historical records on the maritime transport and underwater deposition of sculptures
The underwater deposition of the 'Arundel collection'
The Mentor shipwreck
The HMS Colossus shipwreck
The SS Castor shipwreck
The history of discovering ancient sculptures underwater
Approaches to the study of ancient Greek and Roman sculptures from under water
Conclusion
Methodology of the research
Introduction
The importance of archaeological contexts in the study of sculptures from the waters of the Mediterranean Sea
Macro-scale research
Micro-scale research
Conclusion
The database for the maritime transport of sculptures in the ancient Mediterranean
Introduction
Geographical distribution of underwater deposits
Chronological distribution of underwater deposits
Types of sculptures transported by sea
Possible reasons and patterns of transport
The packing and stowing of sculptures on board ancient merchant vessels
Conclusion
Revisiting the Porticello shipwreck
Introduction
History of the discovery and research
The ship remains
The shipboard artefacts and the non-sculptural cargo
The sculptures
Interpreting the maritime transport of sculptures
Conclusion
The Favaritx shipwreck and the maritime transport of bronze sculptures as scrap
Introduction
Discovery and previous study of the Favaritx shipwreck
The sculptural artefacts
The non-sculptural artefacts
Interpreting the maritime transport of the Favaritx ship
Conclusion.
The Mahdia shipwreck: reconsidering old data, making new observations.
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
List of Figures and Tables
Figure 1: The porphyry sculptural group of the Tetrarchs, embedded in the façade of St Mark's cathed
Figure 2: Marble statue of Herakles from the Antikythera shipwreck. Now in the National Archaeological Museum of Athens. ©Author.
Figure 3: The Youth of Antikythera, from the Antikythera shipwreck. Now in the National Archaeological Museum of Athens. ©Author.
Figure 4: The medium-scale bronze sculpture found at the sea off Marathon. Now in the National Archaeological Museum at Athens. ©Author.
Figure 5: The god (Zeus/Poseidon) found off cape Artemission. Now in the National Archaeological Museum at Athens. ©Author.
Figure 6: The bronze sculptural group of the Horse and the Jockey found off cape Artemission. Now in the National Archaeological Museum at Athens. ©Author.
Figure 7: The large-scale marble female sculpture found in the sea off Rhodes. Now in the Archaeological Museum of Rhodes. ©Author.
Figure 8: One of the sculptural reliefs retrieved from a shipwreck in the harbour of Piraeus. Now in the Archaeological Museum of Piraeus. ©Author.
Figure 9: Head of a large-scale marble statue, probably retrieved from a shipwreck in the harbour of Piraeus. Now in the Archaeological Museum of Piraeus. ©Author.
Figure 10: Unfinished small-scale marble sculpture, probably retrieved from a shipwreck in the harbour of Piraeus. Now in the Archaeological Museum of Piraeus. ©Author.
Figure 11: Bronze statue of a young boy found in the sea off Hierapetra, in Crete, Greece. Now in the Archaeological Museum of Herakleion. ©Author.
Figure 12: The under life-size bronze male sculpture found off Fano, Italy. Now in the Getty Villa, in Los Angeles, USA. ©Author.
Figure 13: Riace statue A, now in the Museo Nazionale della Magna Grecia. ©Author.
Figure 14: Riace statue B, now in the Museo Nazionale della Magna Grecia. ©Author.
Figure 15: The Northern Aegean sculpture, a fragment from a bronze equestrian statue with Julio-Claudian portrait characteristics. Now in the National Archaeological Museum at Athens. ©Author.
Figure 16: The Marsala 1980s sculpture, a large-scale marble statue of a warrior, displayed in the Museo Archeologico Regionale Lilibeo di Marsala - Baglio Anselmi. ©Author.
Figure 17: Three sculptures and a column capital from the Lixouri shipwreck. Now in the Building of Pasha in the castle of Pylos, Greece. ©Author.
Figure 18: The Mazara del Vallo 1998 sculpture, also known as the bronze statue of the dancing satyr, displayed in the Museo del Satiro Danzante in Mazara del Vallo, Sicily. ©Author.
Figure 19: The Mazara del Vallo 1999 sculpture, fragment of the foot and leg of an elephant sculpture, displayed in the Museo del Satiro Danzante in Mazara del Vallo, Sicily. ©Author.
Figure 20: The Marsala 2014 sculpture in the 2016 exhibition 'Storms, War and Shipwrecks: Treasures from the Sicilian Seas' of the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford, UK. ©Author.
Figure 21: Unknown sculpture (National Archaeological Museum Athens) or 'Saarbrucken Ephebe'. Now in the National Archaeological Museum at Athens. ©Author.
Figure 22: Map showing the geographical distribution of the database entries of this PhD and their classification according to the material of their sculptures. ©Author.
Figure 23: Classification of the recorded entries according to the date of their underwater deposit. ©Author.
Figure 24: Graph representing the frequency of centuries appearing in the dating of known underwater archaeological contexts with freestanding sculptural material, as suggested in the already existing scholarship. ©Author.
Figure 25: Visual representation of the dating of the database entries of this PhD with known underwater archaeological contexts as recorded in the already existing scholarship. ©Author.
Figure 26: Classification of the recorded entries, according to the type of the underwater deposit. ©Author.
Figure 27: A graph showing the recorded entries classified according to the material of the sculptures that they carried. ©Author.
Figure 28: The recorded entries classified according to the size of the sculptures that they include. Note that, due to the incomplete state of the academic scholarship, this classification is not absolute. ©Author.
Figure 29: The dating of the database entries in relation to the reasons and patterns for the transport of sculptures. ©Author.
Figure 30: The location of the Porticello shipwreck in the Straits of Messina between Southern Italy and Sicily. ©Author.
Figure 31: Map showing the known provenance of shipboard items and transported cargo of the Porticello ship. ©Author.
Figure 32: Bronze statue head of an old, bearded man from the Porticello shipwreck, currently in the National Archaeological Museum of Reggio Calabria, Italy. ©Author.
Figure 33: Bronze statue head of a bearded youth from the Porticello shipwreck, currently in the National Archaeological Museum of Reggio Calabria, Italy. ©Author.
Figure 34: The location of the Favaritx shipwreck off the coast of Menorca, Spain. ©Author.
Figure 35: Other Mediterranean underwater deposits transporting discarded bronze sculptures together with other metal objects with the intention to be recycled as scrap. ©Author.
Figure 36: Bronze figurine of a male figure from the Favaritx shipwreck. Currently in the Museum of Menorca (Inv.No.21567). ©Author.
Figure 37: Anthropomorphic bronze figurine from the Favaritx shipwreck. Currently in the Museum of Menorca (Inv.No.40747
CAP-05/377). ©Author.
Figure 38: Two small bronze objects, one sculptural fragment representing animal teeth and one bronze star polygon from the Favaritx shipwreck. Currently in the Museum of Menorca (Inv.No.21832). ©Author.
Figure 39: A small-scale bronze sculptural fragment of an animal foot from the Favaritx shipwreck. Currently in the Museum of Menorca (Inv.No.21521). ©Author.
Figure 40: Head of a small-scale bronze horse from the Favaritx shipwreck. Currently in the Museum of Menorca (Inv.No.21543). ©Author.
Figure 41: Hollow bronze object from the Favaritx shipwreck. Currently in the Museum of Menorca (Inv.No.21849). ©Author.
Figure 42: Bronze cross fragment, possibly attachment to a bronze vessel or lamp. From the Favaritx shipwreck, currently in the Museum of Menorca (Inv.No.21575). ©Author.
Figure 43: Irregular metal ingot from the Favaritx shipwreck. Currently in the Museum of Menorca (Inv.No.21534). ©Author.
Figure 44: Three irregular metal ingots from the Favaritx shipwreck. Currently in the Museum of Menorca (Inv.No.21596). ©Author.
Figure 45: Reconstructed bronze candelabrum from the Favaritx shipwreck. Currently in the Museum of Menorca (Inv.No.21537). ©Author.
Figure 46: Coarseware jug found in the Favaritx shipwreck. Currently in the Museum of Menorca. ©Author.
Figure 47: Map showing the location of the Mahdia shipwreck off the coast of Tunisia. ©Author.
Figure 48: Map showing the provenance of material carried in the Mahdia ship. The size of the circles indicates only approximate geographical areas, from where the material could have originated, and not number of transported artefacts. ©Author.
Acknowledgements
List of Abbreviations
Introduction.
Ancient sculptures lost at sea
Interpreting the maritime transport and underwater deposition of ancient sculptures in the Mediterranean Sea
Aims, objectives and research questions of the project
Structure of this book
Primary sources and literature review
Introduction
Ancient sources and historical records on the maritime transport and underwater deposition of sculptures
The underwater deposition of the 'Arundel collection'
The Mentor shipwreck
The HMS Colossus shipwreck
The SS Castor shipwreck
The history of discovering ancient sculptures underwater
Approaches to the study of ancient Greek and Roman sculptures from under water
Conclusion
Methodology of the research
Introduction
The importance of archaeological contexts in the study of sculptures from the waters of the Mediterranean Sea
Macro-scale research
Micro-scale research
Conclusion
The database for the maritime transport of sculptures in the ancient Mediterranean
Introduction
Geographical distribution of underwater deposits
Chronological distribution of underwater deposits
Types of sculptures transported by sea
Possible reasons and patterns of transport
The packing and stowing of sculptures on board ancient merchant vessels
Conclusion
Revisiting the Porticello shipwreck
Introduction
History of the discovery and research
The ship remains
The shipboard artefacts and the non-sculptural cargo
The sculptures
Interpreting the maritime transport of sculptures
Conclusion
The Favaritx shipwreck and the maritime transport of bronze sculptures as scrap
Introduction
Discovery and previous study of the Favaritx shipwreck
The sculptural artefacts
The non-sculptural artefacts
Interpreting the maritime transport of the Favaritx ship
Conclusion.
The Mahdia shipwreck: reconsidering old data, making new observations.