Cover
Half Title
Title
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
1 Introduction
1.1 Review of Congestion Pricing: Domestic and International Implementations
1.2 Congestion Pricing in the United States
1.2.1 SR-91, San Diego, California
1.2.2 I-95, Miami, Florida
1.2.3 Atlanta, Georgia
1.2.4 District of Columbia
1.3 Congestion Pricing Strategies
1.4 Book Organization
1.5 Summary
2 Literature Review
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Dynamic Pricing Algorithm of I-95 Express (Phase 1)
2.2 I-95 Express Lanes
2.3 Performance Monitoring

2.4 Evaluation and Performance Measurement
2.4.1 Traffic Performance
2.4.2 Public Perception
2.4.3 Facility Users
2.4.4 System Operations
2.4.5 Environment
2.4.6 Transit
2.4.7 Economics
2.4.8 Land Usage
3 Congestion Pricing Models
3.1 Discrete Choice Analysis
3.2 Utility Theory
3.3 The Cell Transmission Model
3.3.1 Telecommuting Option
3.4 Solution Methodologies
3.5 Nonlinear Optimization Problems
3.5.1 Nonlinear Optimization Solution Methods
3.6 AMPL Software
3.7 General Description of Stochastic Approximation
3.7.1 FDSA Algorithm

3.7.2 Simulated Annealing
3.7.3 Genetic Algorithms
3.8 Tolling Methodology
3.8.1 Price Elasticity
3.8.2 Toll Algorithm
4 Model Formulation and Results
4.1 Objective Function
4.1.1 Akcelik Travel Time Function
4.1.2 BPR Travel Time Function
4.2 Problem Formulation
4.2.1 Basic Assumptions
4.3 Results and Sample Calculations
4.3.1 Simulated Annealing Example
4.3.2 Genetic Algorithm Example
4.3.3 FDSA Example
4.4 Application of Tolling Algorithm
4.5 Comparative Evaluation of GA, FDSA, and SA Algorithms
4.5.1 Vissim Simulation

4.5.2 Travel Times Data Collection
4.6 Analysis of Variance
4.6.1 Two-Way ANOVA
5 Data Collection and Demand Forecasting
5.1 Data Collection
5.2 Demand Forecasting
6 I-95 Lessons Learned
7 Congestion Charge Case Studies
7.1 The London Congestion Charge
7.1.1 Brief History of Congestion Pricing
7.1.2 What Causes Traffic Congestion?
7.1.3 Implementation
7.1.4 Operation
7.1.5 Boundary
7.2 The Stockholm Congestion Tax
7.2.1 Operation
7.2.2 Impacts and Lessons Learned (Stockholm Congestion Charge)
7.2.3 Seasonal Adjustments
7.2.4 Boundary

7.3 Singapore Congestion Fee
7.3.1 Singapore Congestion Charge-Operation
7.3.2 Singapore Congestion Fees-Impacts
7.3.3 Economic Impacts
7.3.4 Boundary
7.4 Milan Congestion Charge
7.4.1 Operation
7.4.2 Impacts
7.4.3 Payment
7.4.4 TelePass
7.4.5 Boundary
Appendix A Travel Time Measurements
Appendix B Akcelik Travel Time Constants
Appendix C Matlab Output Plots
Appendix D Value of Time Constants
Appendix E Station Data I-95 Hot Lane
References
Index