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Table of Contents
Intro
Preface to the Sixth Edition
Acknowledgments
About the Author
PART A FOUNDATIONS OF SCIENTIFIC AND PROFESSIONAL WRITING
A.1. BASIC RULES OF USAGE
Ampersand
A.1.1. Use the Ampersand Correctly
Apostrophe
A.1.2. Do Not Turn a Possessive Into a Plural
A.1.3. Do Not Turn a Plural Into a Possessive
A.1.4. Use the Correct Forms of Possessive Nouns
A.1.5. Use the Possessive Forms of Pronouns Correctly
A.1.6. Distinguish Contractions From Possessives
Unusual Singulars and Plurals
A.1.7. Use Unusual Singulars and Plurals Correctly
Comma
A.1.8. Use a Serial Comma
A.1.9a. Do Not Use a Serial Comma When You Write Only Two Parallel Terms and Connect Them With a Conjunction
A.1.10. Use a Comma to Separate Parenthetic Expressions That Are Not in Parentheses
A.1.11. Place a Comma Before a Conjunction Introducing an Independent Clause
A.1.12. Do Not Use a Comma Before a Conjunction That Is Followed by a Dependent Clause
Dash
A.1.13. Prefer an Em Dash to a Comma to Set Off an Abrupt Break
Semicolon
A.1.14. Join Independent Clauses With a Semicolon When the Clauses Are Not Joined by a Conjunction
Agreement
A.1.15. Follow the Rules of Agreement
Modifiers
A.1.16. Use Modifiers Correctly
Pronouns
A.1.17. Clarify the Referents of Pronouns
A.1.18. Let the Pronoun Agree in Number With Its Antecedent
A.1.19. Use the Proper Case of Pronoun
Sentence Fragments
A.1.20. Do Not Break a Single Sentence Into Two Parts
A.1.21. Do Not Write Sentence Fragments as a Series of Declarative Statements
A.1.22. Do Not Punctuate Appositives
Nouns and Adjectives
A.1.23. Use Certain Terms Only in Their Adjectival Forms
A.1.24. Do Not Turn a Noun Into a Verb
Participial Phrase.
A.1.25. Let a Participial Phrase at the Beginning of a Sentence Refer to the Grammatical Subject
A.2. BASIC RULES OF COMPOSITION
Structure of Research Papers
A.2.1. Design a Broad Outline of Your Paper
A.2.2. Design Headings and Subheadings of Your Paper
Composing Paragraphs
A.2.3. Write Paragraphs That Express Related Ideas
A.2.4. Do Not Write Paragraphs That Are Too Long
A.2.5. Do Not Write One-Sentence Paragraphs
A.2.6. Begin and End Most Paragraphs With Transitionary Sentences
Concise and Direct Writing
A.2.7. Prefer the Shorter to the Longer Sentences
A.2.8. Prefer the Active Voice
A.2.9. Say What It Is, Instead of What It Is Not
A.2.10. Avoid Too Many Qualifications
A.2.11. Use Definite, Specific, and Concrete Language
A.2.12. Eliminate or Replace Unnecessary Phrases
A.2.13. Avoid Redundant Phrases
A.2.14. Avoid Wordiness
A.2.15. Avoid Jargon
A.2.16. Avoid Euphemism
A.2.17. Keep Related Words Together
Parallelism
A.2.18. Write in Parallel Terms
A.2.19. Maintain Parallelism in Numbered or Bulleted Lists
Misplaced or Dangling Modifiers
A.2.20. Avoid Dangling Modifiers
A.2.21. Avoid Misplaced Modifiers
Shifts Within and Between Sentences
A.2.22. Avoid Shifts Within and Between Sentences
Quotations
A.2.23. Make Quotations Count
A.2.24. Do Not Overuse Quotations
A.2.25. Do Not Include Islands of Quotations
A.2.26. Do Not Begin a Sentence With a Quotation
A.2.27. Use Quotation and Punctuation Marks Correctly
A.2.28. Do Not Misuse Quotation Marks
A.2.29. Give References for All Direct Quotations
A.2.30. Reproduce Quotations Exactly
A.2.31. Integrate Quotations of Fewer Than 40 Words With the Text
A.2.32. Arrange Quotations as a Block When They Have 40 Words or More
A.2.33. Show Correctly the Changes in Quotations.
A.2.34. Quote Correctly the Sources on the Internet
Precision in the Use of Scientific Terms
A.2.35. Use the Terms Ending in -ology Correctly
A.2.36. Use Certain Terms Ending in -ics Correctly
Use of Fresh Language
A.2.37. Avoid Clichés
A.2.37. Avoid Clichés
A.3. COMMONLY MISUSED WORDS AND PHRASES
A.3.1. Accept and Except
A.3.2. Affect and Effect
A.3.3. Alternate and Alternative
A.3.4. Allusion and Illusion
A.3.5. And/Or
A.3.6. Baseline and Baserate
A.3.7. Effect and Impact
A.3.8. Elicit and Evoke
A.3.9. Elicit and Illicit
A.3.10. Farther and Further
A.3.11. Focus and Analysis
A.3.12. Incidence and Prevalence
A.3.13. Inter- and Intra-
A.3.14. Latter and Later
A.3.15. Proof and Support
A.3.16. Secondly and Thirdly
A.3.17. Since and Because
A.3.18. There and Their
PART B SCIENTIFIC WRITING
B.1. INTRODUCTION TO SCIENTIFIC WRITING
B.2. TERMS FOR WRITING WITHOUT BIAS
B.2.1. Do Not Overuse the Pronouns He and He or She
B.2.2. Use the Appropriate Terms of Gender Identities
B.2.3. Use the Appropriate Terms of Sexual Orientations
B.2.4. Avoid Prejudicial Reference to Disabilities
B.2.5. Avoid Prejudicial Reference to Ethnic or Racial Identity
B.2.6. Avoid Prejudicial Reference to Age
B.2.7. Avoid Prejudicial Comparisons of Study Groups
B.3. FORMAT OF SCIENTIFIC WRITING
Margins
B.3.1. Leave Correct Margins
Title Page
B.3.2. Type Correctly the Title Page of a Paper for Publication
B.3.3. Type Correctly the Title Page of a Class (Term) Paper
Running Head
B.3.4. Type the Manuscript Running Head Correctly
Abstract
B.3.5. Write an Abstract on the Second Page
Beginning of Text
B.3.6. Begin the Text With an Untitled Introductory Section on Page Three
Heading Levels
B.3.7. Use the Headings Within the Text Consistently.
Fonts and Font Size
B.3.8. Use Acceptable Fonts and Size
B.3.9. Use Bold Font Correctly
Page Numbers
B.3.10. Number the Pages Correctly
B.3.11. Reprint the Corrected Pages
Line Spacing and Line Length
B.3.12. Use Appropriate Line Spacing
B.3.13. Align the Text to the Left Margin
B.3.14. Correct the Spelling Errors
B.4. ELEMENTS OF SCIENTIFIC STYLE
Capitalization
B.4.1. Capitalize the First Words
B.4.2. Capitalize the First and the Major Words
B.4.3. Capitalize the Words Correctly in Headings
B.4.4. Capitalize Proper Nouns and Trade Names
B.4.5. Capitalize the Chapters and Sections the Reader Is Referred To
B.4.6. Capitalize Nouns That Are Followed by a Number or Letter
B.4.7. Capitalize Both Words in Otherwise Capitalized Hyphenated Compound
B.4.8. Do Not Capitalize the Second Word of a Hyphenated Compound in Reference Lists
Italicization
B.4.9. Use Italics Correctly Within the Body of Text
B.4.10. Use Reverse Italics Correctly
B.4.11. Use Italics Correctly in the Reference List
Hyphenation
B.4.12. Use the Hyphen Correctly
B.4.13. Do Not Overuse or Misuse the Hyphen
Indentation
B.4.14. Use Correct Indentation
Space After Punctuation
B.4.15. Give Correct Space or No Space After Punctuation
Abbreviations
B.4.16. Write Out Abbreviations the First Time You Use the Term, and Enclose the Abbreviations in Parentheses
B.4.17. Do Not Start a Sentence With a Lowercase Abbreviation
B.4.18. Use Latin Abbreviations Only in Parenthetical Constructions
B.4.18. Use Latin Abbreviations Only in Parenthetical Constructions
B.4.19. Add the Lowercase Plural Morpheme s to Plural Abbreviations Without an Apostrophe
B.4.20. With Abbreviations, Use the Period Correctly
B.4.21. Abbreviate Units of Measurement When a Number Is Specified.
Numbers in Words or Numerals
B.4.22. Write Out Units of Measurement When a Number Is Not Specified
B.4.23. Use Roman Numerals Only When It Is an Established Practice
B.4.24. Use Arabic Numerals for Numbers 10 and Above
B.4.25. Use Numerals for Numbers Below 10 in Specified Contexts
B.4.26. Write Out in Words Numbers Below 10 in Specified Contexts
B.4.27. Write Out in Words Any Number That Begins a Sentence
B.4.28. Combine Words and Numerals in Specified Contexts
Reference Citations Within the Text
B.4.29. Cite the Author's Last Name and Year or Years of Publication in the Text
B.4.30. Cite Both Names in the Text When a Work Has Two Authors
B.4.31. Cite Works With Three or More Authors With Only the First Author
B.4.32. Distinguish Works of Multiple Authors Published in the Same Year
B.4.33. Join Multiple Author Names With the Conjunction and or the Ampersand .
B.4.34. Distinguish the Different First Authors With the Same Surname
B.4.35. Cite Multiple Works of the Same Author in a Temporally Ascending Order
B.4.36. Attach Alphabetical Suffixes to the Same Author's Multiple Publications in the Same Year
B.4.37. Within Parentheses, Arrange the Last Names of Multiple Authors in Alphabetical Order
B.4.38. Cite Secondary Sources Sparingly and Correctly
B.4.39. Cite Correctly the Works With No Author or an Anonymous Author
B.4.40. Cite Correctly the Year of Publication in Parenthetical Text
B.4.41. Cite Correctly the Specific Parts of a Source
Reference List
B.4.42. General Guidelines on Creating a Reference List
B.4.43. Begin the Reference List on a New Page With a Centered Heading
B.4.44. In the Reference List, Arrange Authors in Alphabetical Order
B.4.45. Arrange Multiple Works of the Same Single Author From the Earliest to the Latest Year.
B.4.46. Alphabetize the Titles of Several Works of the Same Author Published in the Same Year.
Preface to the Sixth Edition
Acknowledgments
About the Author
PART A FOUNDATIONS OF SCIENTIFIC AND PROFESSIONAL WRITING
A.1. BASIC RULES OF USAGE
Ampersand
A.1.1. Use the Ampersand Correctly
Apostrophe
A.1.2. Do Not Turn a Possessive Into a Plural
A.1.3. Do Not Turn a Plural Into a Possessive
A.1.4. Use the Correct Forms of Possessive Nouns
A.1.5. Use the Possessive Forms of Pronouns Correctly
A.1.6. Distinguish Contractions From Possessives
Unusual Singulars and Plurals
A.1.7. Use Unusual Singulars and Plurals Correctly
Comma
A.1.8. Use a Serial Comma
A.1.9a. Do Not Use a Serial Comma When You Write Only Two Parallel Terms and Connect Them With a Conjunction
A.1.10. Use a Comma to Separate Parenthetic Expressions That Are Not in Parentheses
A.1.11. Place a Comma Before a Conjunction Introducing an Independent Clause
A.1.12. Do Not Use a Comma Before a Conjunction That Is Followed by a Dependent Clause
Dash
A.1.13. Prefer an Em Dash to a Comma to Set Off an Abrupt Break
Semicolon
A.1.14. Join Independent Clauses With a Semicolon When the Clauses Are Not Joined by a Conjunction
Agreement
A.1.15. Follow the Rules of Agreement
Modifiers
A.1.16. Use Modifiers Correctly
Pronouns
A.1.17. Clarify the Referents of Pronouns
A.1.18. Let the Pronoun Agree in Number With Its Antecedent
A.1.19. Use the Proper Case of Pronoun
Sentence Fragments
A.1.20. Do Not Break a Single Sentence Into Two Parts
A.1.21. Do Not Write Sentence Fragments as a Series of Declarative Statements
A.1.22. Do Not Punctuate Appositives
Nouns and Adjectives
A.1.23. Use Certain Terms Only in Their Adjectival Forms
A.1.24. Do Not Turn a Noun Into a Verb
Participial Phrase.
A.1.25. Let a Participial Phrase at the Beginning of a Sentence Refer to the Grammatical Subject
A.2. BASIC RULES OF COMPOSITION
Structure of Research Papers
A.2.1. Design a Broad Outline of Your Paper
A.2.2. Design Headings and Subheadings of Your Paper
Composing Paragraphs
A.2.3. Write Paragraphs That Express Related Ideas
A.2.4. Do Not Write Paragraphs That Are Too Long
A.2.5. Do Not Write One-Sentence Paragraphs
A.2.6. Begin and End Most Paragraphs With Transitionary Sentences
Concise and Direct Writing
A.2.7. Prefer the Shorter to the Longer Sentences
A.2.8. Prefer the Active Voice
A.2.9. Say What It Is, Instead of What It Is Not
A.2.10. Avoid Too Many Qualifications
A.2.11. Use Definite, Specific, and Concrete Language
A.2.12. Eliminate or Replace Unnecessary Phrases
A.2.13. Avoid Redundant Phrases
A.2.14. Avoid Wordiness
A.2.15. Avoid Jargon
A.2.16. Avoid Euphemism
A.2.17. Keep Related Words Together
Parallelism
A.2.18. Write in Parallel Terms
A.2.19. Maintain Parallelism in Numbered or Bulleted Lists
Misplaced or Dangling Modifiers
A.2.20. Avoid Dangling Modifiers
A.2.21. Avoid Misplaced Modifiers
Shifts Within and Between Sentences
A.2.22. Avoid Shifts Within and Between Sentences
Quotations
A.2.23. Make Quotations Count
A.2.24. Do Not Overuse Quotations
A.2.25. Do Not Include Islands of Quotations
A.2.26. Do Not Begin a Sentence With a Quotation
A.2.27. Use Quotation and Punctuation Marks Correctly
A.2.28. Do Not Misuse Quotation Marks
A.2.29. Give References for All Direct Quotations
A.2.30. Reproduce Quotations Exactly
A.2.31. Integrate Quotations of Fewer Than 40 Words With the Text
A.2.32. Arrange Quotations as a Block When They Have 40 Words or More
A.2.33. Show Correctly the Changes in Quotations.
A.2.34. Quote Correctly the Sources on the Internet
Precision in the Use of Scientific Terms
A.2.35. Use the Terms Ending in -ology Correctly
A.2.36. Use Certain Terms Ending in -ics Correctly
Use of Fresh Language
A.2.37. Avoid Clichés
A.2.37. Avoid Clichés
A.3. COMMONLY MISUSED WORDS AND PHRASES
A.3.1. Accept and Except
A.3.2. Affect and Effect
A.3.3. Alternate and Alternative
A.3.4. Allusion and Illusion
A.3.5. And/Or
A.3.6. Baseline and Baserate
A.3.7. Effect and Impact
A.3.8. Elicit and Evoke
A.3.9. Elicit and Illicit
A.3.10. Farther and Further
A.3.11. Focus and Analysis
A.3.12. Incidence and Prevalence
A.3.13. Inter- and Intra-
A.3.14. Latter and Later
A.3.15. Proof and Support
A.3.16. Secondly and Thirdly
A.3.17. Since and Because
A.3.18. There and Their
PART B SCIENTIFIC WRITING
B.1. INTRODUCTION TO SCIENTIFIC WRITING
B.2. TERMS FOR WRITING WITHOUT BIAS
B.2.1. Do Not Overuse the Pronouns He and He or She
B.2.2. Use the Appropriate Terms of Gender Identities
B.2.3. Use the Appropriate Terms of Sexual Orientations
B.2.4. Avoid Prejudicial Reference to Disabilities
B.2.5. Avoid Prejudicial Reference to Ethnic or Racial Identity
B.2.6. Avoid Prejudicial Reference to Age
B.2.7. Avoid Prejudicial Comparisons of Study Groups
B.3. FORMAT OF SCIENTIFIC WRITING
Margins
B.3.1. Leave Correct Margins
Title Page
B.3.2. Type Correctly the Title Page of a Paper for Publication
B.3.3. Type Correctly the Title Page of a Class (Term) Paper
Running Head
B.3.4. Type the Manuscript Running Head Correctly
Abstract
B.3.5. Write an Abstract on the Second Page
Beginning of Text
B.3.6. Begin the Text With an Untitled Introductory Section on Page Three
Heading Levels
B.3.7. Use the Headings Within the Text Consistently.
Fonts and Font Size
B.3.8. Use Acceptable Fonts and Size
B.3.9. Use Bold Font Correctly
Page Numbers
B.3.10. Number the Pages Correctly
B.3.11. Reprint the Corrected Pages
Line Spacing and Line Length
B.3.12. Use Appropriate Line Spacing
B.3.13. Align the Text to the Left Margin
B.3.14. Correct the Spelling Errors
B.4. ELEMENTS OF SCIENTIFIC STYLE
Capitalization
B.4.1. Capitalize the First Words
B.4.2. Capitalize the First and the Major Words
B.4.3. Capitalize the Words Correctly in Headings
B.4.4. Capitalize Proper Nouns and Trade Names
B.4.5. Capitalize the Chapters and Sections the Reader Is Referred To
B.4.6. Capitalize Nouns That Are Followed by a Number or Letter
B.4.7. Capitalize Both Words in Otherwise Capitalized Hyphenated Compound
B.4.8. Do Not Capitalize the Second Word of a Hyphenated Compound in Reference Lists
Italicization
B.4.9. Use Italics Correctly Within the Body of Text
B.4.10. Use Reverse Italics Correctly
B.4.11. Use Italics Correctly in the Reference List
Hyphenation
B.4.12. Use the Hyphen Correctly
B.4.13. Do Not Overuse or Misuse the Hyphen
Indentation
B.4.14. Use Correct Indentation
Space After Punctuation
B.4.15. Give Correct Space or No Space After Punctuation
Abbreviations
B.4.16. Write Out Abbreviations the First Time You Use the Term, and Enclose the Abbreviations in Parentheses
B.4.17. Do Not Start a Sentence With a Lowercase Abbreviation
B.4.18. Use Latin Abbreviations Only in Parenthetical Constructions
B.4.18. Use Latin Abbreviations Only in Parenthetical Constructions
B.4.19. Add the Lowercase Plural Morpheme s to Plural Abbreviations Without an Apostrophe
B.4.20. With Abbreviations, Use the Period Correctly
B.4.21. Abbreviate Units of Measurement When a Number Is Specified.
Numbers in Words or Numerals
B.4.22. Write Out Units of Measurement When a Number Is Not Specified
B.4.23. Use Roman Numerals Only When It Is an Established Practice
B.4.24. Use Arabic Numerals for Numbers 10 and Above
B.4.25. Use Numerals for Numbers Below 10 in Specified Contexts
B.4.26. Write Out in Words Numbers Below 10 in Specified Contexts
B.4.27. Write Out in Words Any Number That Begins a Sentence
B.4.28. Combine Words and Numerals in Specified Contexts
Reference Citations Within the Text
B.4.29. Cite the Author's Last Name and Year or Years of Publication in the Text
B.4.30. Cite Both Names in the Text When a Work Has Two Authors
B.4.31. Cite Works With Three or More Authors With Only the First Author
B.4.32. Distinguish Works of Multiple Authors Published in the Same Year
B.4.33. Join Multiple Author Names With the Conjunction and or the Ampersand .
B.4.34. Distinguish the Different First Authors With the Same Surname
B.4.35. Cite Multiple Works of the Same Author in a Temporally Ascending Order
B.4.36. Attach Alphabetical Suffixes to the Same Author's Multiple Publications in the Same Year
B.4.37. Within Parentheses, Arrange the Last Names of Multiple Authors in Alphabetical Order
B.4.38. Cite Secondary Sources Sparingly and Correctly
B.4.39. Cite Correctly the Works With No Author or an Anonymous Author
B.4.40. Cite Correctly the Year of Publication in Parenthetical Text
B.4.41. Cite Correctly the Specific Parts of a Source
Reference List
B.4.42. General Guidelines on Creating a Reference List
B.4.43. Begin the Reference List on a New Page With a Centered Heading
B.4.44. In the Reference List, Arrange Authors in Alphabetical Order
B.4.45. Arrange Multiple Works of the Same Single Author From the Earliest to the Latest Year.
B.4.46. Alphabetize the Titles of Several Works of the Same Author Published in the Same Year.