Front Cover
Contents
Foreword
Acknowledgments
Executive Summary
Abbreviations
1 Introduction
Context
Notes
References
2 Forty Years of Rural Poverty Reduction
Introduction
What drove poverty reduction in China?
Notes
References
3 Drivers of China's Economic Transformation and Poverty Reduction
Introduction
Growing agricultural productivity: Higher incomes and more choices
Progressive industrialization: Better jobs for more people
Managed urbanization: Multiple gains for migrants and nonmigrant rural families, but persistent inequality of opportunities
Expanded infrastructure investment: Improved connectivity and job creation for the poor
Notes
References
4 Poverty Alleviation Strategies
Introduction
Area-based poverty alleviation strategies
Social protection policies
Targeted poverty alleviation strategy
Notes
References
5 Implications of China's Poverty Reduction
China's approach to poverty reduction in a global context
References
6 The Way Ahead
Introduction
New drivers of growth and poverty reduction
Defining new standards and policy objectives for a prosperous China
Coordinating pro-poor development policies and social protection programs
Notes
References
7 Conclusions
Concluding remarks
References
Appendix A: Key Household Surveys
Boxes
Box 3.1 Agricultural technology extension for poverty reduction: Promoting mulch film in Guyuan
Box 3.2 Upgrading skills through learning by doing: How Mr. Xie Dewu set up his own valve-making company in Yongjia
Box 4.1 The evolution of poverty targeting: How China used international expertise
Box 4.2 Human resources and incentives for targeted poverty alleviation.

Box 4.3 East-West collaboration from the perspective of a poverty-stricken district in Ningxia Autonomous Region
Box 4.4 How digital technologies were leveraged for targeted poverty alleviation
Box 5.1 China's poverty reduction policies as a case study in pro-poor governance
Figures
Figure ES.1 The two pillars of China's approach to poverty reduction
Figure 1.1 Poverty reduction in China over the past 40 years based on the 2010 poverty standard
Figure 1.2 China accounts for almost three-quarters of global extreme poverty reduction since 1981: Poverty headcount based on the international poverty line, 1981-2017
Figure 2.1 Rapid economic growth drove poverty reduction
Figure 2.2 Drivers of rural poverty reduction, 1988-2018
Figure 3.1 Rapid and sustained economic growth in China came about with fast economic transformation, 1978-2018
Figure 3.2 Labor productivity, particularly from industry, drove high economic growth, 1995-2018
Figure 3.3 Employment and productivity of manufacturing, 1978-2001
Figure 3.4 Workers benefited from the diversification of jobs and the expansion of wage employment, 1998-2013
Figure 3.5 Wage gaps between urban and rural areas narrowed, suggesting that China reached the Lewis tipping point around 2007
Figure 3.6 Urbanization in China followed a similar pattern as other fast-growing economies, 1960-2019
Figure 3.7 Migration has increased consistently over time, as have migrant earnings as a share of total household income, 1993-2017
Figure 3.8 "Floating" populations' income per month
Figure 3.9 Infrastructure investment grew steadily beginning in the early 1990s
Figure 4.1 Central and provincial Anti-Poverty Fund allocations, 2001-20
Tables
Table 2.1 Poverty reduction between 1978 and 2019.

Table 4.1 Main social protection programs in rural and urban China, 2019 or latest available data
Table 4.2 Share of registered poor households achieving "three guarantees" and safe drinking water.