Linked e-resources
Details
Table of Contents
Front Cover
Contents
Foreword
Acknowledgments
About the Authors and Contributors
Executive Summary
Abbreviations
Glossary of Arabic Terms
Introduction
Introduction
Framework for a Discussion of Land Issues
Chapter 1 Land Scarcity, Land Use Dynamics, and Land Use Issues in the MENA Region
Introduction
Land Use in the MENA Region: Historical Trends and Current Situation
Key Drivers of Land Use Patterns in MENA Countries
Future Trends and Impacts on the Demand for Land
Annex 1A: The Potential for Cropland Expansion
Annex 1B: The Determinants of Global Land Degradation
Notes
References
Chapter 2 Legal, Institutional, and Governance Challenges Facing Land Use in MENA Countries
Introduction
Historical Foundations of Legal Frameworks in the MENA Region
Land Governance Challenges
Land Administration Challenges
Notes
References
Chapter 3 Barriers to Accessing Land in the MENA Region
Introduction
Firms' Difficulties in Accessing Land
Women's Difficulties in Accessing Land
Refugees, Internally Displaced Persons, and Their Land and Property Rights
Annex 3A: The Role of Political Connections in Facilitating Access to Land in Tunisia and Egypt
Notes
References
Chapter 4 Market Distortions and Land Use Inefficiencies in the MENA Region
Introduction
Expanded Conceptual Framework
Land Distortions in MENA Economies
Policies
Annex 4A: The Distribution of Farmland
Notes
References
Chapter 5 Land Policy Challenges and Options in the MENA Region
Introduction
A Country Taxonomy of Challenges
Improving Land Administration and Tenure
Mobilizing Revenue from Land
Better Managing Public Land
Managing Agricultural Land: Policies and Strategic Objectives
Responding to Urban Land Needs.
Promoting Equal Access to Land for Women and Vulnerable Groups
Annex 5A: Taxonomy of MENA Countries-Land Issues
Notes
References
Conclusion and Priorities for Reform
References
Boxes
Box 1.1 FAOSTAT and MODIS Land Cover Type data sets
Box 1.2 The drivers of global cropland loss
Box 1.3 The impact of the Syrian conflict on cultivated land
Box 2.1 Land tenure categories under the Ottoman Land Code of 1858
Box 2.2 The complexities of the Arab Republic of Egypt's deed and title registration systems
Box 2.3 Components of the Registering Property index
Box 2.4 Components of the Quality of Land Administration index
Box 5.1 Inheritance reform in the Arab Republic of Egypt
Box 5.2 The Soulalyat mobilization for collective rural land in Morocco
Box 5.3 Inheritance reform in the Islamic Republic of Iran
Figures
Figure I.1 Conceptual framework for land issues, MENA
Figure I.2 Centrality of the land nexus
Figure 1.1 Land cover breakdown, by region
Figure 1.2 Area under permanent crops and arable land and cropland area per capita, by region, 2018 (FAOSTAT)
Figure 1.3 Cropland and cropland mosaic, by region, 2018 (MODIS)
Figure 1.4 Cropland and cropland mosaic, MENA, 2018 (MODIS)
Figure 1.5 Cropland exposure to drought, by all regions and MENA region, 2003-18
Figure 1.6 Land use conversion, MENA, 2003-18
Figure 1.7 Growth in land consumption and urban population, MENA and rest of the world, 2000-2015
Figure 1.8 The effects of land scarcity and land governance on cropland loss, by region
Figure B1.3.1 Reduction in cropland in the Syrian Arab Republic relative to Türkiye arising from the Syrian conflict, 2010-19
Figure 1.9 Availability of agricultural land per capita, MENA, 1961-2050
Figure 2.1 Land under public ownership index, by region.
Figure 2.2 Corruption and poor protection of property rights, by all regions and MENA region
Figure 2.3 Property taxation, by region and selected economies, 2020
Figure 2.4 Registering Property scores, by region and MENA country/economy, 2020
Figure 2.5 Quality of Land Administration indexes, by region and MENA country/economy, 2020
Figure 2.6 Quality of Land Administration (QLA) scores, GDP per capita, and population, MENA
Figure 2.7 Geographic Coverage scores, MENA, 2020
Figure 3.1 Firms finding access to land a major or severe constraint, by region and country/economy
Figure 3.2 Share of politically connected firms, by region and MENA country/economy, 2019 and 2020
Figure 3.3 Share of firms reporting severe constraints in access to land, by political connection status, the Arab Republic of Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, 2019 and 2020
Figure 3.4 Gender differences in perceived tenure insecurity in the event of a divorce or death of spouse, MENA
Figure 3.5 Number of inheritance cases related to exclusion of heirs in shari'a courts, Jordan, 2010-20
Figure 3.6 Evolution of the share of inheritance cases related to exclusion of heirs in shari'a courts, Jordan, 2010-20
Figure 3.7 Gender equality in legal frameworks governing property and inheritance, by region, 1970-2020
Figure 3.8 Gender inequality and quality of land administration, MENA and rest of the world
Figure 4.1 Conceptual framework for land misallocation, MENA
Figure 4.2 Mortgage loans, MENA, 2015
Figure 4.3 Housing loan penetration and registration coverage, MENA and rest of the world
Figure 4.4 Slums and cost of property registration, MENA and rest of the world
Figure 4.5 Egyptian industrial zones, by distance from cities with more than 200,000 residents and year of creation, 1927-2020.
Figure 4.6 Utilization rate of Egyptian industrial zones, by distance from cities with more than 200,000 residents and length of time since creation
Figure 4.7 Total area sold before and after implementation of vacant land tax in four cities, Saudi Arabia
Figure 4A.1 Distribution of agricultural land, MENA, various years
Figure 5.1 MENA country taxonomy according to land availability, weak land governance, and demographic pressure
Figure 5.2 Wheat harvested area and wheat imports, Saudi Arabia, 1961-2018
Maps
Map 1.1 Land cover change on each side of the Syrian Arab Republic-Türkiye border, 2009-17
Map 2.1 Land reportedly owned by the military, Algiers, Algeria
Tables
Table 1.1 Movements in and out of cropland, by region, 2003-18
Table 1A.1 Land under cultivation and potential for expansion (seven major international crops), by region
Table 1B.1 Determinants of global land degradation (stage 1)
Table 1B.2 Determinants of global land degradation (stage 2)
Table 2.1 Registering Property index rankings, MENA, 2020
Table 2.2 Quality of Land Administration index scores, MENA, 2020
Table 3A.1 Effects of regime change on land access constraints, the Arab Republic of Egypt and Tunisia
Table 5A.1 Selected indicators, MENA
Table 5A.2 Component loadings.
Contents
Foreword
Acknowledgments
About the Authors and Contributors
Executive Summary
Abbreviations
Glossary of Arabic Terms
Introduction
Introduction
Framework for a Discussion of Land Issues
Chapter 1 Land Scarcity, Land Use Dynamics, and Land Use Issues in the MENA Region
Introduction
Land Use in the MENA Region: Historical Trends and Current Situation
Key Drivers of Land Use Patterns in MENA Countries
Future Trends and Impacts on the Demand for Land
Annex 1A: The Potential for Cropland Expansion
Annex 1B: The Determinants of Global Land Degradation
Notes
References
Chapter 2 Legal, Institutional, and Governance Challenges Facing Land Use in MENA Countries
Introduction
Historical Foundations of Legal Frameworks in the MENA Region
Land Governance Challenges
Land Administration Challenges
Notes
References
Chapter 3 Barriers to Accessing Land in the MENA Region
Introduction
Firms' Difficulties in Accessing Land
Women's Difficulties in Accessing Land
Refugees, Internally Displaced Persons, and Their Land and Property Rights
Annex 3A: The Role of Political Connections in Facilitating Access to Land in Tunisia and Egypt
Notes
References
Chapter 4 Market Distortions and Land Use Inefficiencies in the MENA Region
Introduction
Expanded Conceptual Framework
Land Distortions in MENA Economies
Policies
Annex 4A: The Distribution of Farmland
Notes
References
Chapter 5 Land Policy Challenges and Options in the MENA Region
Introduction
A Country Taxonomy of Challenges
Improving Land Administration and Tenure
Mobilizing Revenue from Land
Better Managing Public Land
Managing Agricultural Land: Policies and Strategic Objectives
Responding to Urban Land Needs.
Promoting Equal Access to Land for Women and Vulnerable Groups
Annex 5A: Taxonomy of MENA Countries-Land Issues
Notes
References
Conclusion and Priorities for Reform
References
Boxes
Box 1.1 FAOSTAT and MODIS Land Cover Type data sets
Box 1.2 The drivers of global cropland loss
Box 1.3 The impact of the Syrian conflict on cultivated land
Box 2.1 Land tenure categories under the Ottoman Land Code of 1858
Box 2.2 The complexities of the Arab Republic of Egypt's deed and title registration systems
Box 2.3 Components of the Registering Property index
Box 2.4 Components of the Quality of Land Administration index
Box 5.1 Inheritance reform in the Arab Republic of Egypt
Box 5.2 The Soulalyat mobilization for collective rural land in Morocco
Box 5.3 Inheritance reform in the Islamic Republic of Iran
Figures
Figure I.1 Conceptual framework for land issues, MENA
Figure I.2 Centrality of the land nexus
Figure 1.1 Land cover breakdown, by region
Figure 1.2 Area under permanent crops and arable land and cropland area per capita, by region, 2018 (FAOSTAT)
Figure 1.3 Cropland and cropland mosaic, by region, 2018 (MODIS)
Figure 1.4 Cropland and cropland mosaic, MENA, 2018 (MODIS)
Figure 1.5 Cropland exposure to drought, by all regions and MENA region, 2003-18
Figure 1.6 Land use conversion, MENA, 2003-18
Figure 1.7 Growth in land consumption and urban population, MENA and rest of the world, 2000-2015
Figure 1.8 The effects of land scarcity and land governance on cropland loss, by region
Figure B1.3.1 Reduction in cropland in the Syrian Arab Republic relative to Türkiye arising from the Syrian conflict, 2010-19
Figure 1.9 Availability of agricultural land per capita, MENA, 1961-2050
Figure 2.1 Land under public ownership index, by region.
Figure 2.2 Corruption and poor protection of property rights, by all regions and MENA region
Figure 2.3 Property taxation, by region and selected economies, 2020
Figure 2.4 Registering Property scores, by region and MENA country/economy, 2020
Figure 2.5 Quality of Land Administration indexes, by region and MENA country/economy, 2020
Figure 2.6 Quality of Land Administration (QLA) scores, GDP per capita, and population, MENA
Figure 2.7 Geographic Coverage scores, MENA, 2020
Figure 3.1 Firms finding access to land a major or severe constraint, by region and country/economy
Figure 3.2 Share of politically connected firms, by region and MENA country/economy, 2019 and 2020
Figure 3.3 Share of firms reporting severe constraints in access to land, by political connection status, the Arab Republic of Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, 2019 and 2020
Figure 3.4 Gender differences in perceived tenure insecurity in the event of a divorce or death of spouse, MENA
Figure 3.5 Number of inheritance cases related to exclusion of heirs in shari'a courts, Jordan, 2010-20
Figure 3.6 Evolution of the share of inheritance cases related to exclusion of heirs in shari'a courts, Jordan, 2010-20
Figure 3.7 Gender equality in legal frameworks governing property and inheritance, by region, 1970-2020
Figure 3.8 Gender inequality and quality of land administration, MENA and rest of the world
Figure 4.1 Conceptual framework for land misallocation, MENA
Figure 4.2 Mortgage loans, MENA, 2015
Figure 4.3 Housing loan penetration and registration coverage, MENA and rest of the world
Figure 4.4 Slums and cost of property registration, MENA and rest of the world
Figure 4.5 Egyptian industrial zones, by distance from cities with more than 200,000 residents and year of creation, 1927-2020.
Figure 4.6 Utilization rate of Egyptian industrial zones, by distance from cities with more than 200,000 residents and length of time since creation
Figure 4.7 Total area sold before and after implementation of vacant land tax in four cities, Saudi Arabia
Figure 4A.1 Distribution of agricultural land, MENA, various years
Figure 5.1 MENA country taxonomy according to land availability, weak land governance, and demographic pressure
Figure 5.2 Wheat harvested area and wheat imports, Saudi Arabia, 1961-2018
Maps
Map 1.1 Land cover change on each side of the Syrian Arab Republic-Türkiye border, 2009-17
Map 2.1 Land reportedly owned by the military, Algiers, Algeria
Tables
Table 1.1 Movements in and out of cropland, by region, 2003-18
Table 1A.1 Land under cultivation and potential for expansion (seven major international crops), by region
Table 1B.1 Determinants of global land degradation (stage 1)
Table 1B.2 Determinants of global land degradation (stage 2)
Table 2.1 Registering Property index rankings, MENA, 2020
Table 2.2 Quality of Land Administration index scores, MENA, 2020
Table 3A.1 Effects of regime change on land access constraints, the Arab Republic of Egypt and Tunisia
Table 5A.1 Selected indicators, MENA
Table 5A.2 Component loadings.