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Table of Contents
Cover
Book title
Copyright
Contents
Dedication
Acknowledgements
Section A: Preliminaries
Chapter 1. Introduction
1.1. Summary
1.2. Geography
1.3. Site chronology
1.4. Ethnic/political terms
1.5. Technical notes
Section B: Excavations and survey
Chapter 2. Late antique buildings occupied to the Late Middle Ages: life over one millennium on Dariali Fort (Trench F)
2.1. Introduction
2.2. The late antique fort walls and intramural life (late fourth to mid-seventh centuries AD/Phase 3)
2.3. Mid-seventh/early eighth-century power vacuum (Phase 4)
2.4. The early medieval zenith of activity (eighth to tenth/eleventh centuries AD/Phase 5)
2.5. The late medieval Georgian castle and renewed activity between the thirteenth to fifteenth centuries AD (Phase 6b)
2.6. Gunmen's backyard: modern activity in the west of the fort (Phase 7b)
Chapter 3. Towering over the northern approaches: late antique buildings, medieval food storage and modern military (Trench Q)
3.1. Introduction
3.2. The late antique fort walls and intramural life (late fourth to mid-seventh centuries AD/Phase 3)
3.3. The seventh to early eighth century: plus ça change, plus c'est la même chose: political upheaval and archaeological continuity (Phase 4)
3.4. Resurgence: dry-stone building boom and life from the eighth to the tenth/eleventh centuries (Phase 5)
3.5. A derelict backyard in the medieval castle (Phases 5b-6b)
3.6. Attempting to halt Soviet aggression (Phase 7b)
Chapter 4. Barrier, bastion and aqueduct: sondages and surveys on and around Dariali Fort (Trenches L, X and O)
4.1. A tower at the southern approaches to the Dariali Fort: Trench L (Phases 3-5)
4.2. Buried beyond reach: in search of the earliest occupation debris at the base of Dariali Fort's steep western cliffs: Trench X (Phases 5-7).
4.3. A modern military shelter: Trench O (Phase 7b)
4.4. A gated road-blocking wall west of the fort (Phases 3a-5b/c?)
4.5. Vital water supply: piped water from the mountains above and staircase to the river below (Phase 3a-d?)
Chapter 5. Extramural areas south of the fort: two-and-a-half millennia of traffic and two millennia of food production in the shadow of the rock (Trenches P and M)
5.1. Trench P: 2,500-year-old campfires to medieval gardening and modern shelters at the base of the tower-crowned rock (Phases 2a-7b)
5.2. Extramural food production throughout the first millennium: Trench M (Phases 2b-5)
Chapter 6. Dariali early medieval cemetery (Trenches E, G and AB): Eberhard W. Sauer, Anthi Tiliakou, Catherine Shupe, Annamaria Diana, Elena Kranioti and Konstantin Pitskhelauri
6.1. Introduction
6.2. Garden plots or arable fields? Pre-cemetery activity in the area of Trenches E, G and AB (Phases 2/3-5)
6.3. Trench E: collective graves of the first phase (5a-b) of the cemetery
6.4. Trench G: individual adult, adolescent and child graves of the cemetery's later phase (5b-c)
6.5. Trench AB: individual child graves of the cemetery's later phase (5c)
6.6. Burials beyond our trenches (Phase 5b-c)
6.7. The chronology of the cemetery (Phase 5)
6.8. The early medieval cemetery and the religion of the garrison (Phase 5)
6.9. The early medieval cemetery, the ethnicity of the garrison and its connections to the outside world (Phase 5)
Chapter 7. The Caspian Gates? Bakht'ari fortified ridge: first line of defence and northernmost barrier (Trench Y/Phase 3)
Chapter 8. Medieval Gveleti Fort: valley-blocking cliff-top bastion and royal refuge from the Mongols (Trenches C, D, N, U, V and W)
8.1. Introduction
8.2. Living on top of the cliff-edge in early modern times: Trench C (Phase 7a).
8.3. Trench D: early medieval to early modern occupation of Gveleti Fort (Phases 5-7a)
8.4. Trench N: early modern housing next to the lower fort's stone tower (Phase 7a)
8.5. Trench U: activity at the approaches to the upper fort in the era of royal residency (Phase 6b)
8.6. Trench V: medieval occupation south-west of the church (Phase 6a)
8.7. Trench W: a late medieval stone house (Phase 6b)?
8.8. The history of Gveleti Fort (Phases 5-7)
Chapter 9. Elusive migration-era burials and enigmatic stone cairns: fieldwork near Gveleti Cemetery and in the Amali Valley (Trenches A, B, H, I, J, K, R, S, T, Z and AA)
9.1. In search of Gveleti Cemetery (Phases 3-7)
9.2. The enigmatic Amali Cairns and the power of nature: Trenches Z and AA
Chapter 10. Landscape investigations in the Dariali Pass: Kristen Hopper, Dan Lawrence, Lisa Snape, Lana Chologauri, Seth M.N. Priestman, Lyudmila Shumilovskikh, Konstantin Pitskhelauri and Graham Philip
10.1. Introduction
10.2. Landscape investigations in Khevi
10.3. The landscape survey in Khevi
10.4. Archaeological and historical landscapes of Khevi
10.5. Terrace field systems
10.6. Discussion
10.7. Dariali Pass Survey Site Gazetteer
10.8. Sedimentary descriptions from terrace field investigations
Section C: Specialist contributions: finds, building materials, biological and environmental evidence and scientific dating
Chapter 11. Provisioning and supply across an ancient frontier: the late antique and medieval ceramic sequence from the Dariali Gorge in the High Caucasus: Seth M.N. Priestman
11.1. Introduction
11.2. Phase distribution and changing assemblage composition
11.3. Chronological development of the assemblage
11.4. Other changes in assemblage composition
11.5. Other assemblages
11.6. Discussion
11.7. Class catalogue.
11.8. Vessel types
11.9. Petrographic analysis and raw material provenance: Enrica Bonato and Seth M.N. Priestman
11.10. Residue analysis of cooking pots by GCMS: Ben Stern and Seth M.N. Priestman
11.11. Context dating from ceramic finds
Chapter 12. Fragment of a ceramic vessel with an ancient Georgian inscription discovered at Dariali Fort: George Gagoshidze
Chapter 13. Vessel glass from the Dariali Fort: Fiona Anne Mowat
13.1. The assemblage from Dariali
13.2. Methodology
13.3. Fabric classes
13.4. Chemical analysis
13.5. Site phasing and vessel circulation
13.6. Glass recycling, cullet and trade at Dariali
13.7. Descriptive catalogue by fabric type
13.8. Conclusion
Chapter 14. Report of chemical compositional characterisation of glass fragments excavated from Dariali Fort (Georgia) by non-destructive X-ray fluorescence analysis: Yoshinari Abe and Ryuji Shikaku
14.1. Materials and methods
14.2. Results and discussion
14.3. Conclusion
Chapter 15. The small objects and other finds: Lana Chologauri, Ana Gabunia, Fiona Anne Mowat, Seth M.N. Priestman, Eberhard W. Sauer and St John Simpson, with an appendix by Scott Stetkiewicz
15.1. Introduction
15.2. Finds from the Dariali and Gveleti Forts and extramural areas
15.3. Finds from the cemetery
15.4. Conclusion
15.5. Appendix: Slag from the Dariali Fort: Scott Stetkiewicz
Chapter 16. The sword from Grave G9 in the cemetery south of Dariali Fort: analytical and technological study and assessment: Brian Gilmour
16.1. Introduction and preliminary description
16.2. Analysis and technology of the sword blade
16.3. Discussion and conclusion
Chapter 17. Ceramic building materials from Dariali Fort: Seth M.N. Priestman
Chapter 18. Mortars from Dariali Fort and nearby fortifications: J. Riley Snyder and Martina Astolfi.
18.1. Introduction
18.2. Materials and methods
18.3. Results
18.4. Discussion
18.5. Conclusion
Chapter 19. Human skeletal remains: Anthi Tiliakou, Catherine Shupe, Elena Kranioti and Annamaria Diana
19.1. Introduction
19.2. Methodology
19.3. Taphonomy and state of preservation
19.4. Biological sex, age, ancestry and stature
19.5. Non-metric traits
19.6. Dentition
19.7. Dental attrition
19.8. Palaeopathology
19.9. Dental Enamel Hypoplasia (DEH)
19.10. Caries, Dental calculus, Periodontitis, Periapical cavities and Ante-mortem Tooth loss
19.11. Osteoarthritis (OA)
19.12. Periostitis/Chronic Periostitis
19.13. Entheseal changes
19.14. Trauma
19.15. Conclusion
Chapter 20. Dariali Cemetery stable isotope analysis: Catriona Pickard
20.1. Isotope analysis
20.2. Materials and methods
20.3. Results and discussion
20.4. Conclusion
Chapter 21. Herding and hunting in the highlands from the Sasanian to late medieval periods
21.1. The archaeozoology of the Dariali Gorge: Marjan Mashkour, Sarieh Amiri, Homa Fathi, Roya Khazaeli, Karyne Debue, Delphine Decruyenaere, Sanaz Beizaee Doost, Benoît Clavel, Safoora Kamjan, Rusudan Jajanidze and Eberhard W. Sauer
21.2. Fish remains: Valentin Radu and Eberhard W. Sauer
21.3. Microvertebrates: Emmanuelle Stoetzel, Lyudmila Shumilovskikh, Karyne Debue, Michel Lemoine and Marjan Mashkour
Chapter 22. Plant remains: Lyudmila Shumilovskikh and Imogen Poole
22.1. Charcoal: Imogen Poole and Lyudmila Shumilovskikh
22.2. Archaeobotany: Lyudmila Shumilovskikh
22.3. Vegetation history: Lyudmila Shumilovskikh
Chapter 23. Archaeomagnetic studies of features excavated in Dariali Gorge: Cathy M. Batt, David P. Greenwood and Tehreem Kainaat
23.1. Abstract
23.2. Introduction
23.3. Background.
23.4. Archaeomagnetic sampling in the field.
Book title
Copyright
Contents
Dedication
Acknowledgements
Section A: Preliminaries
Chapter 1. Introduction
1.1. Summary
1.2. Geography
1.3. Site chronology
1.4. Ethnic/political terms
1.5. Technical notes
Section B: Excavations and survey
Chapter 2. Late antique buildings occupied to the Late Middle Ages: life over one millennium on Dariali Fort (Trench F)
2.1. Introduction
2.2. The late antique fort walls and intramural life (late fourth to mid-seventh centuries AD/Phase 3)
2.3. Mid-seventh/early eighth-century power vacuum (Phase 4)
2.4. The early medieval zenith of activity (eighth to tenth/eleventh centuries AD/Phase 5)
2.5. The late medieval Georgian castle and renewed activity between the thirteenth to fifteenth centuries AD (Phase 6b)
2.6. Gunmen's backyard: modern activity in the west of the fort (Phase 7b)
Chapter 3. Towering over the northern approaches: late antique buildings, medieval food storage and modern military (Trench Q)
3.1. Introduction
3.2. The late antique fort walls and intramural life (late fourth to mid-seventh centuries AD/Phase 3)
3.3. The seventh to early eighth century: plus ça change, plus c'est la même chose: political upheaval and archaeological continuity (Phase 4)
3.4. Resurgence: dry-stone building boom and life from the eighth to the tenth/eleventh centuries (Phase 5)
3.5. A derelict backyard in the medieval castle (Phases 5b-6b)
3.6. Attempting to halt Soviet aggression (Phase 7b)
Chapter 4. Barrier, bastion and aqueduct: sondages and surveys on and around Dariali Fort (Trenches L, X and O)
4.1. A tower at the southern approaches to the Dariali Fort: Trench L (Phases 3-5)
4.2. Buried beyond reach: in search of the earliest occupation debris at the base of Dariali Fort's steep western cliffs: Trench X (Phases 5-7).
4.3. A modern military shelter: Trench O (Phase 7b)
4.4. A gated road-blocking wall west of the fort (Phases 3a-5b/c?)
4.5. Vital water supply: piped water from the mountains above and staircase to the river below (Phase 3a-d?)
Chapter 5. Extramural areas south of the fort: two-and-a-half millennia of traffic and two millennia of food production in the shadow of the rock (Trenches P and M)
5.1. Trench P: 2,500-year-old campfires to medieval gardening and modern shelters at the base of the tower-crowned rock (Phases 2a-7b)
5.2. Extramural food production throughout the first millennium: Trench M (Phases 2b-5)
Chapter 6. Dariali early medieval cemetery (Trenches E, G and AB): Eberhard W. Sauer, Anthi Tiliakou, Catherine Shupe, Annamaria Diana, Elena Kranioti and Konstantin Pitskhelauri
6.1. Introduction
6.2. Garden plots or arable fields? Pre-cemetery activity in the area of Trenches E, G and AB (Phases 2/3-5)
6.3. Trench E: collective graves of the first phase (5a-b) of the cemetery
6.4. Trench G: individual adult, adolescent and child graves of the cemetery's later phase (5b-c)
6.5. Trench AB: individual child graves of the cemetery's later phase (5c)
6.6. Burials beyond our trenches (Phase 5b-c)
6.7. The chronology of the cemetery (Phase 5)
6.8. The early medieval cemetery and the religion of the garrison (Phase 5)
6.9. The early medieval cemetery, the ethnicity of the garrison and its connections to the outside world (Phase 5)
Chapter 7. The Caspian Gates? Bakht'ari fortified ridge: first line of defence and northernmost barrier (Trench Y/Phase 3)
Chapter 8. Medieval Gveleti Fort: valley-blocking cliff-top bastion and royal refuge from the Mongols (Trenches C, D, N, U, V and W)
8.1. Introduction
8.2. Living on top of the cliff-edge in early modern times: Trench C (Phase 7a).
8.3. Trench D: early medieval to early modern occupation of Gveleti Fort (Phases 5-7a)
8.4. Trench N: early modern housing next to the lower fort's stone tower (Phase 7a)
8.5. Trench U: activity at the approaches to the upper fort in the era of royal residency (Phase 6b)
8.6. Trench V: medieval occupation south-west of the church (Phase 6a)
8.7. Trench W: a late medieval stone house (Phase 6b)?
8.8. The history of Gveleti Fort (Phases 5-7)
Chapter 9. Elusive migration-era burials and enigmatic stone cairns: fieldwork near Gveleti Cemetery and in the Amali Valley (Trenches A, B, H, I, J, K, R, S, T, Z and AA)
9.1. In search of Gveleti Cemetery (Phases 3-7)
9.2. The enigmatic Amali Cairns and the power of nature: Trenches Z and AA
Chapter 10. Landscape investigations in the Dariali Pass: Kristen Hopper, Dan Lawrence, Lisa Snape, Lana Chologauri, Seth M.N. Priestman, Lyudmila Shumilovskikh, Konstantin Pitskhelauri and Graham Philip
10.1. Introduction
10.2. Landscape investigations in Khevi
10.3. The landscape survey in Khevi
10.4. Archaeological and historical landscapes of Khevi
10.5. Terrace field systems
10.6. Discussion
10.7. Dariali Pass Survey Site Gazetteer
10.8. Sedimentary descriptions from terrace field investigations
Section C: Specialist contributions: finds, building materials, biological and environmental evidence and scientific dating
Chapter 11. Provisioning and supply across an ancient frontier: the late antique and medieval ceramic sequence from the Dariali Gorge in the High Caucasus: Seth M.N. Priestman
11.1. Introduction
11.2. Phase distribution and changing assemblage composition
11.3. Chronological development of the assemblage
11.4. Other changes in assemblage composition
11.5. Other assemblages
11.6. Discussion
11.7. Class catalogue.
11.8. Vessel types
11.9. Petrographic analysis and raw material provenance: Enrica Bonato and Seth M.N. Priestman
11.10. Residue analysis of cooking pots by GCMS: Ben Stern and Seth M.N. Priestman
11.11. Context dating from ceramic finds
Chapter 12. Fragment of a ceramic vessel with an ancient Georgian inscription discovered at Dariali Fort: George Gagoshidze
Chapter 13. Vessel glass from the Dariali Fort: Fiona Anne Mowat
13.1. The assemblage from Dariali
13.2. Methodology
13.3. Fabric classes
13.4. Chemical analysis
13.5. Site phasing and vessel circulation
13.6. Glass recycling, cullet and trade at Dariali
13.7. Descriptive catalogue by fabric type
13.8. Conclusion
Chapter 14. Report of chemical compositional characterisation of glass fragments excavated from Dariali Fort (Georgia) by non-destructive X-ray fluorescence analysis: Yoshinari Abe and Ryuji Shikaku
14.1. Materials and methods
14.2. Results and discussion
14.3. Conclusion
Chapter 15. The small objects and other finds: Lana Chologauri, Ana Gabunia, Fiona Anne Mowat, Seth M.N. Priestman, Eberhard W. Sauer and St John Simpson, with an appendix by Scott Stetkiewicz
15.1. Introduction
15.2. Finds from the Dariali and Gveleti Forts and extramural areas
15.3. Finds from the cemetery
15.4. Conclusion
15.5. Appendix: Slag from the Dariali Fort: Scott Stetkiewicz
Chapter 16. The sword from Grave G9 in the cemetery south of Dariali Fort: analytical and technological study and assessment: Brian Gilmour
16.1. Introduction and preliminary description
16.2. Analysis and technology of the sword blade
16.3. Discussion and conclusion
Chapter 17. Ceramic building materials from Dariali Fort: Seth M.N. Priestman
Chapter 18. Mortars from Dariali Fort and nearby fortifications: J. Riley Snyder and Martina Astolfi.
18.1. Introduction
18.2. Materials and methods
18.3. Results
18.4. Discussion
18.5. Conclusion
Chapter 19. Human skeletal remains: Anthi Tiliakou, Catherine Shupe, Elena Kranioti and Annamaria Diana
19.1. Introduction
19.2. Methodology
19.3. Taphonomy and state of preservation
19.4. Biological sex, age, ancestry and stature
19.5. Non-metric traits
19.6. Dentition
19.7. Dental attrition
19.8. Palaeopathology
19.9. Dental Enamel Hypoplasia (DEH)
19.10. Caries, Dental calculus, Periodontitis, Periapical cavities and Ante-mortem Tooth loss
19.11. Osteoarthritis (OA)
19.12. Periostitis/Chronic Periostitis
19.13. Entheseal changes
19.14. Trauma
19.15. Conclusion
Chapter 20. Dariali Cemetery stable isotope analysis: Catriona Pickard
20.1. Isotope analysis
20.2. Materials and methods
20.3. Results and discussion
20.4. Conclusion
Chapter 21. Herding and hunting in the highlands from the Sasanian to late medieval periods
21.1. The archaeozoology of the Dariali Gorge: Marjan Mashkour, Sarieh Amiri, Homa Fathi, Roya Khazaeli, Karyne Debue, Delphine Decruyenaere, Sanaz Beizaee Doost, Benoît Clavel, Safoora Kamjan, Rusudan Jajanidze and Eberhard W. Sauer
21.2. Fish remains: Valentin Radu and Eberhard W. Sauer
21.3. Microvertebrates: Emmanuelle Stoetzel, Lyudmila Shumilovskikh, Karyne Debue, Michel Lemoine and Marjan Mashkour
Chapter 22. Plant remains: Lyudmila Shumilovskikh and Imogen Poole
22.1. Charcoal: Imogen Poole and Lyudmila Shumilovskikh
22.2. Archaeobotany: Lyudmila Shumilovskikh
22.3. Vegetation history: Lyudmila Shumilovskikh
Chapter 23. Archaeomagnetic studies of features excavated in Dariali Gorge: Cathy M. Batt, David P. Greenwood and Tehreem Kainaat
23.1. Abstract
23.2. Introduction
23.3. Background.
23.4. Archaeomagnetic sampling in the field.