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Table of Contents
List of Contributors xv
About the Editors xix
Preface xxiii
1 The Necessity for Modernizing the Coupled Structure of Intelligent Transportation Systems and Multi-Energy Networks 1 Mohammadreza Daneshvar, Amjad Anvari-Moghaddam, and Reza Razzaghi
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Applications of Intelligent Transportation Systems 2
1.3 Coupled Structure of ITSs and Multi-Energy Networks 5
1.4 Summary 6
2 Green Transportation Systems 8 Reza Gharibi, Behrooz Vahidi, and Rahman Dashti
2.1 Introduction 8
2.2 History of Transportation 11
2.3 Transportation Expansion Issues 12
2.4 Definition of Green Transportation 17
2.5 Advantages of Green Transportation 18
2.6 International Agreements 18
2.7 Challenges to GT 20
2.8 Green Transportation's Effects on Multi-Energy Networks 25
2.9 Implementation Strategies for the Green Transportation System 25
2.10 New Technologies for Green Transportation 28
2.11 Intelligent Transportation System 31
2.11.1 Vehicle Communication in Intelligent Transportation 32
2.12 Conclusion 33
3 Techno-Economic-Environmental Assessment of Green Transportation Systems 39 M. Imran Azim, Mohsen Khorasany, and Reza Razzaghi
3.1 Introduction 39
3.2 Technologies for Green Transportation Systems 42
3.3 Economic Implications of Green Transportation Systems 47
3.4 Environmental Implications of Green Transportation Systems 50
3.5 Conclusion 53
4 Urban Integrated Sustainable Transportation Networks 59 Syed Muhammad Nawazish Ali, Saman Ahmadi, Ali Moradi Amani, and Mahdi Jalili
4.1 Introduction 59
4.2 Necessity of Sustainable Transportation 62
4.3 Challenges and Opportunities Associated with the Implementation of Sustainable Transportation 65
4.4 Modes of Sustainable Transportation 70
4.5 Sustainable Transportation in Modern Urban Advancement 74
4.6 Infrastructure for Sustainable Transportation 77
4.7 Conclusion 84
5 Multi-Energy Technologies in Green and Integrated Transportation Networks 92 M. Edwin, M. Saranya Nair, and S. Joseph Sekhar
5.1 Introduction 92
5.2 Definition of Green Transportation 94
5.3 Technological Development and Managerial Integration for Green Transportation 94
5.4 Definition and Features of Integrated Multi-Energy System 99
5.5 Electric Vehicle Integration with Renewable Energy Sources 102
5.6 Hybrid Fuel Cell/Battery Vehicle Systems 104
5.7 Barriers and Challenges 108
5.8 Conclusion 110
6 Flexible Operation of Power-To-X Energy Systems in Transportation Networks 117 Hessam Golmohamadi
6.1 Introduction 118
6.2 Power to Hydrogen 124
6.3 Power to Methane 129
6.4 Power to Chemical (P2C) 134
6.5 Power to Heat (P2H) 142
6.6 Power to Transport (P2T) 143
6.7 Power Demand Flexibility 145
6.8 Conclusion 148
7 Integration of Electric Vehicles into Multi-energy Systems 165 Samaneh Sadat Sajjadi, Ali Moradi Amani, Nawazish Ali, and Mahdi Jalili
7.1 Introduction 166
7.2 Multi-energy Systems Structure 169
7.3 Integration of EVs in MES 184
7.4 Conclusion 204
8 Self-Driving Vehicle Systems in Intelligent Transportation Networks 217 Yigit Cagatay Kuyu
8.1 Introduction 217
8.2 Brief History 218
8.3 Literature Review 220
8.4 Advantages and Challenges 220
8.5 Sensing 221
8.6 Perception 223
8.7 Planning and Control 227
8.8 Conclusion 230
9 Energy Storage Technologies and Control Systems for Electric Vehicles 237 Mariem Ahmed Baba, Mohamed Naoui, and Mohamed Cherkaoui
9.1 Introduction 238
9.2 Fuel Cell 239
9.3 Battery Technologies for Electric Vehicles 245
9.4 Overview of Brushless Motor 249
9.5 BLDC Motor Control Strategy for Electric Vehicles 252
9.6 Simulation Results 256
9.7 Environnemental Impact of EVs 257
9.8 EVs and Modern Technologies 258
9.9 Challenges and Perspectives of EVs 260
9.10 Conclusion 260
10 Electric Vehicle Path Towards Sustainable Transportation: A Comprehensive Structure 266 Vikas Khare, Ankita Jain, and Miraj Ahmed Bhuiyan
10.1 Introduction 266
10.2 Optimum Design of EVs 269
10.3 Characterization of EV Battery System 273
10.4 Control System of EVs 278
10.5 Reliability Assessment of EV 281
10.6 Assessment of EV Charging Station 282
10.7 Worldwide Policy Framework for EV 287
10.8 Electric Vehicles on the Sustainability and Reliability of Transportation Network 290
10.9 Recent Trends and Future Challenges 291
11 Electric Vehicle Charging Management in Parking Structures 301 Tania Panayiotou, Michalis Mavrovouniotis, and Georgios Ellinas
11.1 Introduction 301
11.2 EV Charging Management Schemes 302
11.3 Fair Charging Management 304
11.4 Delay-Fair Charging Management 307
11.5 QoS-Fair Charging Management 315
11.6 Closing Remarks 320
12 Multi-Energy Management Schemes for the Sustainability of Intelligent Interconnected Transportation Systems 325 M. Edwin, M. C. Eniyan, M. Saranya Nair, and G. Antony Miraculas
12.1 Introduction 325
12.2 History of Transportation System - Overview 328
12.3 Concept of IITS 328
12.4 Barriers to Successful Implementation of IITS 331
12.5 Intelligent Modern Energy Transport Systems 332
12.6 Role of Multi-Energy Management Schemes for the Sustainability of Transportation Networks 334
12.7 Result Discussion, Current Challenges, and Future Research Opportunities 338
12.8 Conclusion 341
13 Blockchain-Based Financial and Economic Analysis of Green Vehicles: Path Towards Intelligent Transportation 344 Ankita Jain and Vikas Khare
13.1 Introduction 344
13.2 Country-Wise Financial Analysis of EVs 346
13.3 Key Financial Ratio for Financial Analysis of EVs 353
13.4 Cost Assessment of EVs with Different Parameters 357
13.5 Financial and Economic Analysis of Green Vehicle Infrastructure by Blockchain 368
13.6 Applicability of Different Blockchain Cryptocurrencies in EV Transaction 374
13.7 Challenges and Advantages of Using Blockchain for EVs 374
13.8 Conclusion 375
14 Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Toward Intelligent Transportation Systems 379 Fereidoun H. Panahi and Farzad H. Panahi
14.1 Introduction 380
14.2 WSN for ITSs: The Energy Supply Issue and Existing Solutions 382
14.3 UAV-Based WRSN Charging Scheme for ITSs 383
14.4 Challenges and Advantages of Using UAVs in WRSN-Based ITSs 384
14.5 Simulation Results 389
14.6 Conclusions 394
15 Autonomous Vehicle Systems in Intelligent Interconnected Transportation Networks 400 Christos Chronis, Konstantinos Tserpes, and Iraklis Varlamis
15.1 Introduction 400
15.2 Related Work 403
15.3 Reinforcement Learning for Autonomous Driving Personalization 412
15.4 Federated Reinforcement Learning 415
15.5 Experimental Evaluation of Driving Personalization Using Federated RL 419
15.6 Discussion 424
15.7 Conclusions 425
Acknowledgment 426
References 426
Index 432.
About the Editors xix
Preface xxiii
1 The Necessity for Modernizing the Coupled Structure of Intelligent Transportation Systems and Multi-Energy Networks 1 Mohammadreza Daneshvar, Amjad Anvari-Moghaddam, and Reza Razzaghi
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Applications of Intelligent Transportation Systems 2
1.3 Coupled Structure of ITSs and Multi-Energy Networks 5
1.4 Summary 6
2 Green Transportation Systems 8 Reza Gharibi, Behrooz Vahidi, and Rahman Dashti
2.1 Introduction 8
2.2 History of Transportation 11
2.3 Transportation Expansion Issues 12
2.4 Definition of Green Transportation 17
2.5 Advantages of Green Transportation 18
2.6 International Agreements 18
2.7 Challenges to GT 20
2.8 Green Transportation's Effects on Multi-Energy Networks 25
2.9 Implementation Strategies for the Green Transportation System 25
2.10 New Technologies for Green Transportation 28
2.11 Intelligent Transportation System 31
2.11.1 Vehicle Communication in Intelligent Transportation 32
2.12 Conclusion 33
3 Techno-Economic-Environmental Assessment of Green Transportation Systems 39 M. Imran Azim, Mohsen Khorasany, and Reza Razzaghi
3.1 Introduction 39
3.2 Technologies for Green Transportation Systems 42
3.3 Economic Implications of Green Transportation Systems 47
3.4 Environmental Implications of Green Transportation Systems 50
3.5 Conclusion 53
4 Urban Integrated Sustainable Transportation Networks 59 Syed Muhammad Nawazish Ali, Saman Ahmadi, Ali Moradi Amani, and Mahdi Jalili
4.1 Introduction 59
4.2 Necessity of Sustainable Transportation 62
4.3 Challenges and Opportunities Associated with the Implementation of Sustainable Transportation 65
4.4 Modes of Sustainable Transportation 70
4.5 Sustainable Transportation in Modern Urban Advancement 74
4.6 Infrastructure for Sustainable Transportation 77
4.7 Conclusion 84
5 Multi-Energy Technologies in Green and Integrated Transportation Networks 92 M. Edwin, M. Saranya Nair, and S. Joseph Sekhar
5.1 Introduction 92
5.2 Definition of Green Transportation 94
5.3 Technological Development and Managerial Integration for Green Transportation 94
5.4 Definition and Features of Integrated Multi-Energy System 99
5.5 Electric Vehicle Integration with Renewable Energy Sources 102
5.6 Hybrid Fuel Cell/Battery Vehicle Systems 104
5.7 Barriers and Challenges 108
5.8 Conclusion 110
6 Flexible Operation of Power-To-X Energy Systems in Transportation Networks 117 Hessam Golmohamadi
6.1 Introduction 118
6.2 Power to Hydrogen 124
6.3 Power to Methane 129
6.4 Power to Chemical (P2C) 134
6.5 Power to Heat (P2H) 142
6.6 Power to Transport (P2T) 143
6.7 Power Demand Flexibility 145
6.8 Conclusion 148
7 Integration of Electric Vehicles into Multi-energy Systems 165 Samaneh Sadat Sajjadi, Ali Moradi Amani, Nawazish Ali, and Mahdi Jalili
7.1 Introduction 166
7.2 Multi-energy Systems Structure 169
7.3 Integration of EVs in MES 184
7.4 Conclusion 204
8 Self-Driving Vehicle Systems in Intelligent Transportation Networks 217 Yigit Cagatay Kuyu
8.1 Introduction 217
8.2 Brief History 218
8.3 Literature Review 220
8.4 Advantages and Challenges 220
8.5 Sensing 221
8.6 Perception 223
8.7 Planning and Control 227
8.8 Conclusion 230
9 Energy Storage Technologies and Control Systems for Electric Vehicles 237 Mariem Ahmed Baba, Mohamed Naoui, and Mohamed Cherkaoui
9.1 Introduction 238
9.2 Fuel Cell 239
9.3 Battery Technologies for Electric Vehicles 245
9.4 Overview of Brushless Motor 249
9.5 BLDC Motor Control Strategy for Electric Vehicles 252
9.6 Simulation Results 256
9.7 Environnemental Impact of EVs 257
9.8 EVs and Modern Technologies 258
9.9 Challenges and Perspectives of EVs 260
9.10 Conclusion 260
10 Electric Vehicle Path Towards Sustainable Transportation: A Comprehensive Structure 266 Vikas Khare, Ankita Jain, and Miraj Ahmed Bhuiyan
10.1 Introduction 266
10.2 Optimum Design of EVs 269
10.3 Characterization of EV Battery System 273
10.4 Control System of EVs 278
10.5 Reliability Assessment of EV 281
10.6 Assessment of EV Charging Station 282
10.7 Worldwide Policy Framework for EV 287
10.8 Electric Vehicles on the Sustainability and Reliability of Transportation Network 290
10.9 Recent Trends and Future Challenges 291
11 Electric Vehicle Charging Management in Parking Structures 301 Tania Panayiotou, Michalis Mavrovouniotis, and Georgios Ellinas
11.1 Introduction 301
11.2 EV Charging Management Schemes 302
11.3 Fair Charging Management 304
11.4 Delay-Fair Charging Management 307
11.5 QoS-Fair Charging Management 315
11.6 Closing Remarks 320
12 Multi-Energy Management Schemes for the Sustainability of Intelligent Interconnected Transportation Systems 325 M. Edwin, M. C. Eniyan, M. Saranya Nair, and G. Antony Miraculas
12.1 Introduction 325
12.2 History of Transportation System - Overview 328
12.3 Concept of IITS 328
12.4 Barriers to Successful Implementation of IITS 331
12.5 Intelligent Modern Energy Transport Systems 332
12.6 Role of Multi-Energy Management Schemes for the Sustainability of Transportation Networks 334
12.7 Result Discussion, Current Challenges, and Future Research Opportunities 338
12.8 Conclusion 341
13 Blockchain-Based Financial and Economic Analysis of Green Vehicles: Path Towards Intelligent Transportation 344 Ankita Jain and Vikas Khare
13.1 Introduction 344
13.2 Country-Wise Financial Analysis of EVs 346
13.3 Key Financial Ratio for Financial Analysis of EVs 353
13.4 Cost Assessment of EVs with Different Parameters 357
13.5 Financial and Economic Analysis of Green Vehicle Infrastructure by Blockchain 368
13.6 Applicability of Different Blockchain Cryptocurrencies in EV Transaction 374
13.7 Challenges and Advantages of Using Blockchain for EVs 374
13.8 Conclusion 375
14 Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Toward Intelligent Transportation Systems 379 Fereidoun H. Panahi and Farzad H. Panahi
14.1 Introduction 380
14.2 WSN for ITSs: The Energy Supply Issue and Existing Solutions 382
14.3 UAV-Based WRSN Charging Scheme for ITSs 383
14.4 Challenges and Advantages of Using UAVs in WRSN-Based ITSs 384
14.5 Simulation Results 389
14.6 Conclusions 394
15 Autonomous Vehicle Systems in Intelligent Interconnected Transportation Networks 400 Christos Chronis, Konstantinos Tserpes, and Iraklis Varlamis
15.1 Introduction 400
15.2 Related Work 403
15.3 Reinforcement Learning for Autonomous Driving Personalization 412
15.4 Federated Reinforcement Learning 415
15.5 Experimental Evaluation of Driving Personalization Using Federated RL 419
15.6 Discussion 424
15.7 Conclusions 425
Acknowledgment 426
References 426
Index 432.