Some Reflections on the Selection and Appointment of Judges in European Law : Five Next Steps in Defence of Independent Justice.

Intro
Table of Content
1. Introduction
2. Three remarks on the context in which the European Treaties operate
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Attacks on national judges acting as European judges
2.3 Systemic enforcement gap in Union standards regarding the independence of the judiciary
2.3.1 Discretionary power to launch infringement actions
2.3.2 Discretionary power to enforce judgments of the courts
2.4 The many different national contexts in Europe
3. European law requirements for the selection and promotion of judges
3.1 Three introductory remarks
3.2 European legal requirements for selection and appointment of judges
3.2.1 Objective criteria on merit, moral integrity and courage
3.2.2 Changing the objective criteria for selection
3.2.3 The standard for selection bodies: majority of judges, elected by their peers
3.2.4 Selection of Court Presidents
3.2.5 Selection bodies under undue influence of judges associations
3.2.6 Selection decisions must be reasoned
3.2.7 The duty of the executive towards recommendations by selection bodies
4. Conclusion
Notes.