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Table of Contents
Intro
Table of Contents
Preface
Abbreviations
1 Introduction
1.1 Reducing Risk or Increasing Well-being?
1.2 A Risk-focused Approach: The Risk Need Responsivity Model
1.3 A Strengths-based Approach: The Good Lives Model of Offender Rehabilitation
1.4 Aim
1.5 Overview
2 The Risk Need Responsivity Model vs. The Good Lives Model:
2.1 Similarities and Differences Between the Two Rehabilitation Models
2.1.1 Offender Rehabilitation: What Works According to Whom?
2.1.2 Goods to Pursue and/or Risks to Avoid?
2.1.3 Explaining Criminal Conduct: Two Sides of the Same Coin?
2.2 Bridging the Gap
2.2.1 The Potential Bridge Between Risk-focused and Welfare-focused Rehabilitation Approaches
2.2.2 The Potential Additional Value of the GLM: Treatment Motivation and Engagement
2.3 Moving Forward: To an Integrative Approach in (Juvenile) Offender Rehabilitation
3 Theoretical and Empirical Background of GLM's First Etiological Assumption
3.1 What is a Good Life?
3.1.1 Well-being Approaches
3.1.2 The Good Life According to the GLM
3.1.3 Goal-directed Human Nature
3.2 The Development of the GLM Primary Goods
3.3 Theories Underlying the GLM Primary Goods
3.3.1 Self-Determination Theory (SDT)
3.3.2 Psychological Theories
3.3.3 Philosophical Theories
3.4 Good Lives: Social, Cultural and Personal Differences
3.4.1 Secondary Goods
3.5 Empirical Evidence Supporting the GLM's Primary Goods
3.5.1 Life
3.5.2 Knowledge
3.5.3 Excellence in Work
3.5.4 Excellence in Play
3.5.5 Excellence in Agency
3.5.6 Inner Peace
3.5.7 Relatedness
3.5.8 Community
3.5.9 Spirituality
3.5.10 Creativity
3.5.11 Pleasure
3.6 Possible Problems
3.6.1 Lack of Capacities and Scope
3.6.2 Inappropriate Means and Lack of Coherence.
3.7 Conclusion
4 Different Phase, Different Needs?
4.1 Method
4.1.1 Included and Excluded Well-being Measures
4.1.2 Included and Excluded Primary Goods Proxy-measures
4.1.3 Search Strategy and Selection
4.1.4 Data-analysis
4.2 Results
4.2.1 Primary Goods in Relation to Adolescents' Well-being
4.2.2 Primary Goods Under-represented in the Research Literature
4.3 Discussion
4.3.1 Psychological Needs: Relatedness, Competence and Autonomy
4.3.2 Emotional Needs
4.3.3 Basic Needs
4.3.4 Spiritual Needs
4.3.5 Curiosity and Expressive Needs
4.3.6 Pleasure and Happiness: A Paradox?
4.4 Limitations and Remaining Questions
4.5 Conclusion
5 Theoretical and Empirical Background of GLM's Second Etiological Assumption
5.1 Pathways to Delinquency According to the GLM
5.2 Need and Goal Frustration
5.2.1 Strain Theory
5.2.2 Self-Determination Theory
5.3 Combining Primary Goods and Risk Factors to Explain Juvenile Delinquency
5.4 The Antisocial and Criminal Pursuit of Primary Goods
5.4.1 Life
5.4.2 Knowledge
5.4.3 Excellence in Work
5.4.4 Excellence in Play
5.4.5 Excellence in Agency
5.4.6 Inner Peace
5.4.7 Relatedness
5.4.8 Community
5.4.9 Spirituality
5.4.10 Creativity
5.4.11 Pleasure
5.5 Adolescent Well-being and Delinquency
5.6 Conclusion
6 Examining Direct and Indirect Pathways to Juvenile Delinquency in the General Population
6.1 Method
6.1.1 Sampling Procedure
6.1.2 Measures
6.1.3 Statistical Analyses
6.2 Results
6.2.1 Sample Characteristics
6.2.2 Descriptive Statistics
6.2.3 Relationship Between Well-Being and Delinquency
6.2.4 Direct and Indirect Pathways Between Primary goods, Well-Being, and Delinquency
6.3 Discussion.
6.3.1 The Relationship Between Well-being and Adolescent Delinquency
6.3.2 The Role of Primary Goods in Adolescents' Well-Being and Delinquency
6.3.3 Relatedness: Family, Peers and Community
6.3.4 Competence: Excellence in Work and Life
6.3.5 Autonomy: Excellence in Agency
6.3.6 Inner Peace
6.3.7 Spirituality
6.3.8 Less Important Goods
6.4 Conclusion
6.5 Limitations and Remaining Questions
7 Examining Direct and Indirect Pathways to Juvenile Delinquency in Detained Adolescents
7.1 Method
7.1.1 Setting and Sampling Procedure
7.1.2 Study Procedure
7.1.3 Measures
7.1.4 Statistical Analyses
7.1.5 Power Analysis
7.2 Results
7.2.1 Sample Characteristics
7.2.2 Descriptive Statistics
7.2.3 Relationship Between Well-Being and Delinquency
7.2.4 Direct and Indirect Pathways Between Primary Goods, Well-Being and Delinquency
7.2.5 Examining the Role of Obstacles in Explaining Well-Being and Delinquency
7.3 Discussion
7.3.1 The Relationship Between Well-Being and Adolescent Delinquency
7.3.2 The Role of Primary Goods in Detained Adolescents' Well-Being and Delinquency
7.3.3 Life: Basic Physical Needs
7.3.4 Relatedness: Family and (Fun with) Friends
7.3.5 Inner Peace: Mental Health
7.3.6 Obstacles: Criminogenic Risk Factors and Mental Health Problems
7.3.7 Less Important Goods(?)
7.4 Conclusion
7.5 Limitations and Remaining Questions
8 Examining the Self-Perceived Pathways to Juvenile Delinquency in Detained Adolescents
8.1 Method
8.1.1 Study Procedure
8.1.2 Qualitative Analyses
8.2 Results
8.2.1 Sample Description
8.2.2 The Importance of Primary Goods According to Detained Adolescents
8.2.3 Secondary Goods in the Pursuit of Primary Goods.
8.2.4 Delinquency and the Role of (Problems in) Primary Goods Achievement Explained by Adolescents
8.3 Discussion
8.3.1 The Role of Primary Goods in Adolescent Well-Being
8.3.2 Problems in Primary Goods Achievement: Criminogenic Risk Factors as Obstacles
8.3.3 Problems in Primary Goods Achievement: Lack of Scope and Coherence
8.3.4 Problems in Primary Goods Achievement: Inappropriate Means
8.4 Conclusion
8.5 Limitations and Remaining Questions
9 Theoretical and Empirical Background of the Pathways to Sustainable Desistance
9.1 Achieving Sustainable Desistance
9.1.1 Desistance Theories
9.1.2 Prosocial Identity Development
9.2 The Importance of Treatment Motivation and Engagement for Successful Rehabilitation
9.3 Enhancing Treatment Motivation and Engagement
9.3.1 Multifactor Offender Readiness Model
9.3.2 Stages of Change Model
9.3.3 Motivational Interviewing
9.4 Effective Treatment Goals for (Juvenile) Offender Rehabilitation
9.4.1 Well-Being and Quality of Life
9.4.2 Psychological Needs: Self-Determination Theory
9.4.3 Relatedness: Therapeutic Alliance
9.4.4 Competence: Self-Efficacy and Internal Locus of Control
9.4.5 Autonomy: Pursuing Personally Relevant Goals
9.4.6 Primary Goods Attainment in Adult Offenders
9.4.7 Primary Goods Attainment in Young Offenders
9.5 Conclusion
10 Examining the Pathways to Desistance in Detained Adolescents
10.1 Method
10.1.1 Setting and Sampling Procedure
10.1.2 Study Procedure
10.1.3 Measures
10.1.4 Statistical Analyses
10.2 Results
10.2.1 Sample Characteristics
10.2.2 Descriptive Statistics
10.2.3 Cross-Sectional Associations at T2 during Detention
10.2.4 Longitudinal Relationships between T1 and T2
10.3 Discussion.
10.3.1 The Role of Primary Goods, Well-Being and Treatment Motivation in Recidivism Risk Reduction
10.3.2 The Role of Mental Health Problems during Detention
10.4 Conclusion
10.5 Limitations and Remaining Questions
11 General Discussion: The GLM Applied to Adolescent Offenders
11.1 The GLM' First Etiological Assumption: Primary Goods and Adolescents' Well-Being
11.2 The GLM's Second Etiological Assumption: Explaining Adolescent Delinquency
11.3 The GLM's Practical Assumptions: Effects on Treatment Motivation and Recidivism (Risk)
11.4 Study Limitations and Research Recommendations
11.5 Practical Recommendations
11.5.1 Complying with the Risk Need Responsivity Principles
11.5.2 Forensic Case Formulation
11.5.3 Primary Goods Assessment
11.5.4 Good Lives Plan
11.5.5 Specific Recommendations for Juvenile Offenders
11.6 Important Intervention Goals for Adolescent Offenders
11.6.1 Family and Peer Relationships
11.6.2 School and Work
11.6.3 Leisure Activities and Having Fun
11.6.4 Substance (Ab)use
11.6.5 Mental Health and Overall Well-Being
11.6.6 Prosocial Identity and Agency
11.7 Effective Individualized Interventions
11.7.1 Residential Interventions as a Last Resort
11.7.2 Community-based GLM-Compatible Interventions
11.7.3 General Effective Components
11.8 Conclusion
References.
Table of Contents
Preface
Abbreviations
1 Introduction
1.1 Reducing Risk or Increasing Well-being?
1.2 A Risk-focused Approach: The Risk Need Responsivity Model
1.3 A Strengths-based Approach: The Good Lives Model of Offender Rehabilitation
1.4 Aim
1.5 Overview
2 The Risk Need Responsivity Model vs. The Good Lives Model:
2.1 Similarities and Differences Between the Two Rehabilitation Models
2.1.1 Offender Rehabilitation: What Works According to Whom?
2.1.2 Goods to Pursue and/or Risks to Avoid?
2.1.3 Explaining Criminal Conduct: Two Sides of the Same Coin?
2.2 Bridging the Gap
2.2.1 The Potential Bridge Between Risk-focused and Welfare-focused Rehabilitation Approaches
2.2.2 The Potential Additional Value of the GLM: Treatment Motivation and Engagement
2.3 Moving Forward: To an Integrative Approach in (Juvenile) Offender Rehabilitation
3 Theoretical and Empirical Background of GLM's First Etiological Assumption
3.1 What is a Good Life?
3.1.1 Well-being Approaches
3.1.2 The Good Life According to the GLM
3.1.3 Goal-directed Human Nature
3.2 The Development of the GLM Primary Goods
3.3 Theories Underlying the GLM Primary Goods
3.3.1 Self-Determination Theory (SDT)
3.3.2 Psychological Theories
3.3.3 Philosophical Theories
3.4 Good Lives: Social, Cultural and Personal Differences
3.4.1 Secondary Goods
3.5 Empirical Evidence Supporting the GLM's Primary Goods
3.5.1 Life
3.5.2 Knowledge
3.5.3 Excellence in Work
3.5.4 Excellence in Play
3.5.5 Excellence in Agency
3.5.6 Inner Peace
3.5.7 Relatedness
3.5.8 Community
3.5.9 Spirituality
3.5.10 Creativity
3.5.11 Pleasure
3.6 Possible Problems
3.6.1 Lack of Capacities and Scope
3.6.2 Inappropriate Means and Lack of Coherence.
3.7 Conclusion
4 Different Phase, Different Needs?
4.1 Method
4.1.1 Included and Excluded Well-being Measures
4.1.2 Included and Excluded Primary Goods Proxy-measures
4.1.3 Search Strategy and Selection
4.1.4 Data-analysis
4.2 Results
4.2.1 Primary Goods in Relation to Adolescents' Well-being
4.2.2 Primary Goods Under-represented in the Research Literature
4.3 Discussion
4.3.1 Psychological Needs: Relatedness, Competence and Autonomy
4.3.2 Emotional Needs
4.3.3 Basic Needs
4.3.4 Spiritual Needs
4.3.5 Curiosity and Expressive Needs
4.3.6 Pleasure and Happiness: A Paradox?
4.4 Limitations and Remaining Questions
4.5 Conclusion
5 Theoretical and Empirical Background of GLM's Second Etiological Assumption
5.1 Pathways to Delinquency According to the GLM
5.2 Need and Goal Frustration
5.2.1 Strain Theory
5.2.2 Self-Determination Theory
5.3 Combining Primary Goods and Risk Factors to Explain Juvenile Delinquency
5.4 The Antisocial and Criminal Pursuit of Primary Goods
5.4.1 Life
5.4.2 Knowledge
5.4.3 Excellence in Work
5.4.4 Excellence in Play
5.4.5 Excellence in Agency
5.4.6 Inner Peace
5.4.7 Relatedness
5.4.8 Community
5.4.9 Spirituality
5.4.10 Creativity
5.4.11 Pleasure
5.5 Adolescent Well-being and Delinquency
5.6 Conclusion
6 Examining Direct and Indirect Pathways to Juvenile Delinquency in the General Population
6.1 Method
6.1.1 Sampling Procedure
6.1.2 Measures
6.1.3 Statistical Analyses
6.2 Results
6.2.1 Sample Characteristics
6.2.2 Descriptive Statistics
6.2.3 Relationship Between Well-Being and Delinquency
6.2.4 Direct and Indirect Pathways Between Primary goods, Well-Being, and Delinquency
6.3 Discussion.
6.3.1 The Relationship Between Well-being and Adolescent Delinquency
6.3.2 The Role of Primary Goods in Adolescents' Well-Being and Delinquency
6.3.3 Relatedness: Family, Peers and Community
6.3.4 Competence: Excellence in Work and Life
6.3.5 Autonomy: Excellence in Agency
6.3.6 Inner Peace
6.3.7 Spirituality
6.3.8 Less Important Goods
6.4 Conclusion
6.5 Limitations and Remaining Questions
7 Examining Direct and Indirect Pathways to Juvenile Delinquency in Detained Adolescents
7.1 Method
7.1.1 Setting and Sampling Procedure
7.1.2 Study Procedure
7.1.3 Measures
7.1.4 Statistical Analyses
7.1.5 Power Analysis
7.2 Results
7.2.1 Sample Characteristics
7.2.2 Descriptive Statistics
7.2.3 Relationship Between Well-Being and Delinquency
7.2.4 Direct and Indirect Pathways Between Primary Goods, Well-Being and Delinquency
7.2.5 Examining the Role of Obstacles in Explaining Well-Being and Delinquency
7.3 Discussion
7.3.1 The Relationship Between Well-Being and Adolescent Delinquency
7.3.2 The Role of Primary Goods in Detained Adolescents' Well-Being and Delinquency
7.3.3 Life: Basic Physical Needs
7.3.4 Relatedness: Family and (Fun with) Friends
7.3.5 Inner Peace: Mental Health
7.3.6 Obstacles: Criminogenic Risk Factors and Mental Health Problems
7.3.7 Less Important Goods(?)
7.4 Conclusion
7.5 Limitations and Remaining Questions
8 Examining the Self-Perceived Pathways to Juvenile Delinquency in Detained Adolescents
8.1 Method
8.1.1 Study Procedure
8.1.2 Qualitative Analyses
8.2 Results
8.2.1 Sample Description
8.2.2 The Importance of Primary Goods According to Detained Adolescents
8.2.3 Secondary Goods in the Pursuit of Primary Goods.
8.2.4 Delinquency and the Role of (Problems in) Primary Goods Achievement Explained by Adolescents
8.3 Discussion
8.3.1 The Role of Primary Goods in Adolescent Well-Being
8.3.2 Problems in Primary Goods Achievement: Criminogenic Risk Factors as Obstacles
8.3.3 Problems in Primary Goods Achievement: Lack of Scope and Coherence
8.3.4 Problems in Primary Goods Achievement: Inappropriate Means
8.4 Conclusion
8.5 Limitations and Remaining Questions
9 Theoretical and Empirical Background of the Pathways to Sustainable Desistance
9.1 Achieving Sustainable Desistance
9.1.1 Desistance Theories
9.1.2 Prosocial Identity Development
9.2 The Importance of Treatment Motivation and Engagement for Successful Rehabilitation
9.3 Enhancing Treatment Motivation and Engagement
9.3.1 Multifactor Offender Readiness Model
9.3.2 Stages of Change Model
9.3.3 Motivational Interviewing
9.4 Effective Treatment Goals for (Juvenile) Offender Rehabilitation
9.4.1 Well-Being and Quality of Life
9.4.2 Psychological Needs: Self-Determination Theory
9.4.3 Relatedness: Therapeutic Alliance
9.4.4 Competence: Self-Efficacy and Internal Locus of Control
9.4.5 Autonomy: Pursuing Personally Relevant Goals
9.4.6 Primary Goods Attainment in Adult Offenders
9.4.7 Primary Goods Attainment in Young Offenders
9.5 Conclusion
10 Examining the Pathways to Desistance in Detained Adolescents
10.1 Method
10.1.1 Setting and Sampling Procedure
10.1.2 Study Procedure
10.1.3 Measures
10.1.4 Statistical Analyses
10.2 Results
10.2.1 Sample Characteristics
10.2.2 Descriptive Statistics
10.2.3 Cross-Sectional Associations at T2 during Detention
10.2.4 Longitudinal Relationships between T1 and T2
10.3 Discussion.
10.3.1 The Role of Primary Goods, Well-Being and Treatment Motivation in Recidivism Risk Reduction
10.3.2 The Role of Mental Health Problems during Detention
10.4 Conclusion
10.5 Limitations and Remaining Questions
11 General Discussion: The GLM Applied to Adolescent Offenders
11.1 The GLM' First Etiological Assumption: Primary Goods and Adolescents' Well-Being
11.2 The GLM's Second Etiological Assumption: Explaining Adolescent Delinquency
11.3 The GLM's Practical Assumptions: Effects on Treatment Motivation and Recidivism (Risk)
11.4 Study Limitations and Research Recommendations
11.5 Practical Recommendations
11.5.1 Complying with the Risk Need Responsivity Principles
11.5.2 Forensic Case Formulation
11.5.3 Primary Goods Assessment
11.5.4 Good Lives Plan
11.5.5 Specific Recommendations for Juvenile Offenders
11.6 Important Intervention Goals for Adolescent Offenders
11.6.1 Family and Peer Relationships
11.6.2 School and Work
11.6.3 Leisure Activities and Having Fun
11.6.4 Substance (Ab)use
11.6.5 Mental Health and Overall Well-Being
11.6.6 Prosocial Identity and Agency
11.7 Effective Individualized Interventions
11.7.1 Residential Interventions as a Last Resort
11.7.2 Community-based GLM-Compatible Interventions
11.7.3 General Effective Components
11.8 Conclusion
References.