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Table of Contents
Intro
Preface
Author biography
Parvez Alam
Chapter 1 'A'
1.1 Abrasion
1.2 Accelerated testing
1.2.1 Accelerated life testing (ALT)
1.2.2 Accelerated degradation testing (ADT)
1.2.3 Time, temperature, stress superposition
1.3 Additives
1.3.1 Cost-saving additives
1.3.2 Manufacture and process additives
1.3.3 Functional (performance) additives
1.4 Adhesion
1.4.1 Adhesion in composites
1.4.2 Adhesion of composites
1.5 Air bubble voids
1.6 Angle-ply laminate
1.7 Anisotropy
1.8 Areal weight
1.9 Aramid
1.9.1 Meta-aramids (m-aramids)
1.9.2 Para-aramids (p-aramids)
1.9.3 Comparison of m-aramid and p-aramid properties
1.10 Aspect ratio
1.11 Autoclave
1.12 Automated material placement (AMP)
1.12.1 Filament winding (FW)
1.12.2 Automated fibre placement/advanced fibre placement (AFP)
1.12.3 Automated tape laying (ATL)
References
Chapter 2 'B'
2.1 Bag moulding (vacuum bag moulding)
2.1.1 The process
2.1.2 Benefits of bag moulding
2.1.3 Disadvantages of bag moulding
2.2 Balanced laminates
2.3 Band width
2.3.1 In: filament winding
2.3.2 In: piezoelectric composites
2.4 Batt
2.5 Biaxial Load
2.6 Burst strength
2.6.1 Hydraulic testing for burst strength
2.6.2 Mullen test for burst strength
2.6.3 Ball test for burst strength
References
Chapter 3 'C'
3.1 C-scan
3.2 Carbon fibre
3.2.1 Carbon fibre reinforced plastic (CFRP)
3.3 Cellular solids
3.3.1 Honeycomb structures
3.3.2 Foams
3.4 Class (composite class)
3.5 Compression moulding
3.6 Consolidation
3.7 Contact moulding
3.8 Coupon
3.8.1 Coupons for tensile testing
3.8.2 Coupons for compressive testing
3.8.3 Coupons for double cantilever beam (DCB) testing
3.8.4 Coupons for flexural testing.
3.8.5 Coupons for interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) testing
3.9 Crazing
3.10 Crimp
3.11 Cross ply laminates
3.12 Curing
References
Chapter 4 'D'
4.1 Damage models
4.1.1 Tsai-Hill
4.1.2 Tsai-Wu
4.1.3 Hashin
4.2 Defects
4.2.1 Blistering
4.2.2 Bonding defects and delamination
4.2.3 Fibre defects
4.2.4 Fibre misalignment
4.2.5 Foreign bodies
4.2.6 Voids
4.3 Draping and hot drape forming
4.4 Dry fibre material (prepreg)
4.4.1 Thermoset prepreg
4.4.2 General advantages of dry fibre material
4.4.3 Nanoengineered prepreg
References
Chapter 5 'E'
5.1 Ejection (demoulding)
5.2 Exotherm
5.3 Extrusion
References
Chapter 6 'F'
6.1 Fatigue
6.1.1 Fundamental parameters of importance
6.1.2 ε-N curves
6.1.3 Damage evolution
6.2 Filler
6.3 Flitch
6.4 Fracture: interlaminar (FRP)
6.4.1 Mode I: double cantilever beam (DCB) testing
6.4.2 Mode II: end notched flexure (ENF) testing
6.4.3 Mixed mode I and II: mixed-mode flexure (MMF) testing
6.4.4 Mode III: mixed-mode flexure (MMF) testing
References
Chapter 7 'G'
7.1 Gel coat
7.1.1 Gel coat material and lay-up
7.1.2 Comparison of manually applied and spray-coated gel coats
7.1.3 Gel coat defects and mitigation methods
7.2 Glass fibres
7.2.1 Manufacture of glass fibres
7.2.2 Characteristics of glass fibres
7.2.3 Properties of glass fibres
7.3 Glass transition
7.3.1 Heat capacity method-differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)
7.3.2 CTE method-thermomechanical analyser (TMA)
7.3.3 Modulus method-dynamic thermal mechanical analyser (DMTA)
References
Chapter 8 'H'
8.1 Halpin-Tsai model
8.2 Hygroscopy
8.2.1 Isotropic hygroscopy
8.2.2 Micromechanical CME calculations for unidirectional laminates.
8.2.3 Micromechanical CME calculations for laminates containing orthohygroscopic fibres
8.2.4 Micromechanical CME calculations for laminates containing non-absorbing fibres
8.3 Hybrid composite
Reference
Chapter 9 'I'
9.1 Interlaminar shear
9.2 Interphase
9.2.1 Interphase influence on the Young's modulus
9.2.2 Interphase influence on strength
References
Chapter 10 'J'
10.1 Joining of metal matrix composites (MMCs)
10.1.1 Fusion welding: gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) or tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding
10.1.2 Fusion welding: laser beam welding
10.1.3 Fusion welding: electron beam welding
10.1.4 Solid-state welding: friction welding
10.1.5 Solid-state welding: friction-stir welding
10.2 Joining
10.2.1 Butt joints
10.2.2 Corner joints
10.2.3 Hybrid joints
10.2.4 Lap-joints
10.2.5 Strap joints
10.2.6 T-joints
10.3 Joining of thermoplastic matrix composites
10.3.1 Ultrasonic welding
10.3.2 Induction welding
10.3.3 Resistance welding
References
Chapter 11 'K'
11.1 Kevlar
11.2 Knitted fabric composites
References
Chapter 12 'L'
12.1 Laminate theory
Chapter 13 'M'
13.1 Mat
13.1.1 Structural/protective mats
13.1.2 Chopped strand mats (CSM)
13.1.3 Biomedical composite mats
13.2 Matrix
13.2.1 Carbon matrix
13.2.2 Ceramic matrix
13.2.3 Metal matrix
13.2.4 Polymer matrix
References
Chapter 14 'N'
14.1 Natural fibre composite (NFC) materials
14.2 Nanocomposites
References
Chapter 15 'O'
15.1 Orowan strengthening (MMCs)
Reference
Chapter 16 'P'
16.1 Physical vapour deposition (PVD) methods in MMCs
16.2 Piezoelectric composites
16.2.1 Piezoelectric charge constant, d
16.2.2 Piezoelectric voltage constant, g
16.2.3 Dielectric constant, ε.
16.2.4 Connectivity of active-passive phases in piezoelectric composites
16.2.5 Effects of combining PZT with polymers on piezoelectric constants
16.3 Polymer impregnation and pyrolysis (PIP) in CMCs
16.4 Porous composites
16.4.1 Types of pores and their geometrical characteristics
16.4.2 Particle packing
16.4.3 Permeability
16.4.4 Elastic modulus predictions
16.5 Post-curing
16.5.1 Heat post-curing of polymer matrix composites
16.5.2 Light post-curing of polymer matrix composites
16.5.3 Microwave post-curing of polymer matrix composites
16.6 Preform
16.6.1 1D preforms
16.6.2 2D preforms
16.6.3 3D preforms
16.7 Pultrusion
16.8 Pyroelectric composites
16.8.1 Fundamental description
16.8.2 Heckmann diagram
16.8.3 Pyroelectric coefficient
16.8.4 Connectivity of active-passive phases in pyroelectric composites
References
Chapter 17 'Q'
17.1 Quadraxial non-crimp fabric
17.2 Quasi-isotropic laminate
17.3 Quench hardening (metal matrix composites)
References
Chapter 18 'R'
18.1 Reaction injection moulding (RIM) techniques in composites engineering
18.1.1 Reaction injection moulding (RIM)
18.1.2 Reinforced reaction injection moulding (RRIM)
18.1.3 Structural reaction injection moulding (SRIM)
18.2 Reactive melt infiltration (RMI) in CMCs
18.3 Recycling
18.3.1 Recycling of glass fibre reinforced plastics (GFRP)
18.3.2 Recycling of carbon fibre reinforced plastics (CFRP)
18.3.3 Recycling of metal matrix composites (MMC)
18.3.4 Recycling of reinforced concrete
18.3.5 Recycling of wood-based composites
18.4 Reinforcement
18.5 Resin transfer moulding (RTM)
18.6 Reinforced concrete
18.6.1 Steel reinforcements in concrete
18.6.2 Fibre reinforced plastic reinforcements in concrete
18.6.3 Fibre reinforcements in concrete.
18.7 Rule of mixtures (ROM)
18.7.1 Elastic modulus of continuous fibre unidirectional composites loaded in the fibre axis
18.7.2 Elastic modulus of continuous fibre unidirectional composites loaded perpendicular to the fibre axis
18.7.3 Elastic modulus of short fibre composites
18.7.4 Elastic modulus of uniformly distributed particle reinforced non-porous composites
18.7.5 Strength of continuous fibre unidirectional composites loaded in the fibre axis
18.7.6 Strength of continuous fibre unidirectional composites loaded perpendicular to the fibre axis
18.7.7 Strength of short fibre composites
18.7.8 Strength of uniformly distributed particle reinforced non-porous composites
References
Chapter 19 'S'
19.1 Sandwich panels
19.1.1 Elastic beam theory for sandwich panels under three-point bending
19.1.2 Failure modes of sandwich panels
19.1.3 Relevant standards
19.2 Sizing
19.2.1 Applicator roll application of sizing to fibre surfaces
19.2.2 Fibre specific sizing
19.2.3 High temperature sizing
19.3 Slurry impregnation and hot processing of CMCs
19.4 Substructure/grain strengthening (MMCs)
19.4.1 Dislocation flow and strengthening by dislocation pile-up
19.4.2 Dispersion strengthening
19.4.3 Grain boundary strengthening
References
Chapter 20 'T'
20.1 Tri-axial non-crimp fabric
Chapter 21 'U'
21.1 Unbalanced laminates
References
Chapter 22 'V'
22.1 Vacuum-assisted resin transfer moulding (VARTM)
22.2 Volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
22.3 Volume fraction
22.3.1 Image analysis
22.3.2 Solvent/acid digestion
22.3.3 Thermal decomposition (burn-offs)
References
Chapter 23 'W'
23.1 Wovens
23.1.1 2D woven
23.1.2 2.5D woven
23.1.3 3D woven
23.2 Wetting
23.3 Whiskers
23.4 Wood-based composites
23.4.1 Chipboard.
23.4.2 Cross-laminated timber (CLT/X-lam).
Preface
Author biography
Parvez Alam
Chapter 1 'A'
1.1 Abrasion
1.2 Accelerated testing
1.2.1 Accelerated life testing (ALT)
1.2.2 Accelerated degradation testing (ADT)
1.2.3 Time, temperature, stress superposition
1.3 Additives
1.3.1 Cost-saving additives
1.3.2 Manufacture and process additives
1.3.3 Functional (performance) additives
1.4 Adhesion
1.4.1 Adhesion in composites
1.4.2 Adhesion of composites
1.5 Air bubble voids
1.6 Angle-ply laminate
1.7 Anisotropy
1.8 Areal weight
1.9 Aramid
1.9.1 Meta-aramids (m-aramids)
1.9.2 Para-aramids (p-aramids)
1.9.3 Comparison of m-aramid and p-aramid properties
1.10 Aspect ratio
1.11 Autoclave
1.12 Automated material placement (AMP)
1.12.1 Filament winding (FW)
1.12.2 Automated fibre placement/advanced fibre placement (AFP)
1.12.3 Automated tape laying (ATL)
References
Chapter 2 'B'
2.1 Bag moulding (vacuum bag moulding)
2.1.1 The process
2.1.2 Benefits of bag moulding
2.1.3 Disadvantages of bag moulding
2.2 Balanced laminates
2.3 Band width
2.3.1 In: filament winding
2.3.2 In: piezoelectric composites
2.4 Batt
2.5 Biaxial Load
2.6 Burst strength
2.6.1 Hydraulic testing for burst strength
2.6.2 Mullen test for burst strength
2.6.3 Ball test for burst strength
References
Chapter 3 'C'
3.1 C-scan
3.2 Carbon fibre
3.2.1 Carbon fibre reinforced plastic (CFRP)
3.3 Cellular solids
3.3.1 Honeycomb structures
3.3.2 Foams
3.4 Class (composite class)
3.5 Compression moulding
3.6 Consolidation
3.7 Contact moulding
3.8 Coupon
3.8.1 Coupons for tensile testing
3.8.2 Coupons for compressive testing
3.8.3 Coupons for double cantilever beam (DCB) testing
3.8.4 Coupons for flexural testing.
3.8.5 Coupons for interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) testing
3.9 Crazing
3.10 Crimp
3.11 Cross ply laminates
3.12 Curing
References
Chapter 4 'D'
4.1 Damage models
4.1.1 Tsai-Hill
4.1.2 Tsai-Wu
4.1.3 Hashin
4.2 Defects
4.2.1 Blistering
4.2.2 Bonding defects and delamination
4.2.3 Fibre defects
4.2.4 Fibre misalignment
4.2.5 Foreign bodies
4.2.6 Voids
4.3 Draping and hot drape forming
4.4 Dry fibre material (prepreg)
4.4.1 Thermoset prepreg
4.4.2 General advantages of dry fibre material
4.4.3 Nanoengineered prepreg
References
Chapter 5 'E'
5.1 Ejection (demoulding)
5.2 Exotherm
5.3 Extrusion
References
Chapter 6 'F'
6.1 Fatigue
6.1.1 Fundamental parameters of importance
6.1.2 ε-N curves
6.1.3 Damage evolution
6.2 Filler
6.3 Flitch
6.4 Fracture: interlaminar (FRP)
6.4.1 Mode I: double cantilever beam (DCB) testing
6.4.2 Mode II: end notched flexure (ENF) testing
6.4.3 Mixed mode I and II: mixed-mode flexure (MMF) testing
6.4.4 Mode III: mixed-mode flexure (MMF) testing
References
Chapter 7 'G'
7.1 Gel coat
7.1.1 Gel coat material and lay-up
7.1.2 Comparison of manually applied and spray-coated gel coats
7.1.3 Gel coat defects and mitigation methods
7.2 Glass fibres
7.2.1 Manufacture of glass fibres
7.2.2 Characteristics of glass fibres
7.2.3 Properties of glass fibres
7.3 Glass transition
7.3.1 Heat capacity method-differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)
7.3.2 CTE method-thermomechanical analyser (TMA)
7.3.3 Modulus method-dynamic thermal mechanical analyser (DMTA)
References
Chapter 8 'H'
8.1 Halpin-Tsai model
8.2 Hygroscopy
8.2.1 Isotropic hygroscopy
8.2.2 Micromechanical CME calculations for unidirectional laminates.
8.2.3 Micromechanical CME calculations for laminates containing orthohygroscopic fibres
8.2.4 Micromechanical CME calculations for laminates containing non-absorbing fibres
8.3 Hybrid composite
Reference
Chapter 9 'I'
9.1 Interlaminar shear
9.2 Interphase
9.2.1 Interphase influence on the Young's modulus
9.2.2 Interphase influence on strength
References
Chapter 10 'J'
10.1 Joining of metal matrix composites (MMCs)
10.1.1 Fusion welding: gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) or tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding
10.1.2 Fusion welding: laser beam welding
10.1.3 Fusion welding: electron beam welding
10.1.4 Solid-state welding: friction welding
10.1.5 Solid-state welding: friction-stir welding
10.2 Joining
10.2.1 Butt joints
10.2.2 Corner joints
10.2.3 Hybrid joints
10.2.4 Lap-joints
10.2.5 Strap joints
10.2.6 T-joints
10.3 Joining of thermoplastic matrix composites
10.3.1 Ultrasonic welding
10.3.2 Induction welding
10.3.3 Resistance welding
References
Chapter 11 'K'
11.1 Kevlar
11.2 Knitted fabric composites
References
Chapter 12 'L'
12.1 Laminate theory
Chapter 13 'M'
13.1 Mat
13.1.1 Structural/protective mats
13.1.2 Chopped strand mats (CSM)
13.1.3 Biomedical composite mats
13.2 Matrix
13.2.1 Carbon matrix
13.2.2 Ceramic matrix
13.2.3 Metal matrix
13.2.4 Polymer matrix
References
Chapter 14 'N'
14.1 Natural fibre composite (NFC) materials
14.2 Nanocomposites
References
Chapter 15 'O'
15.1 Orowan strengthening (MMCs)
Reference
Chapter 16 'P'
16.1 Physical vapour deposition (PVD) methods in MMCs
16.2 Piezoelectric composites
16.2.1 Piezoelectric charge constant, d
16.2.2 Piezoelectric voltage constant, g
16.2.3 Dielectric constant, ε.
16.2.4 Connectivity of active-passive phases in piezoelectric composites
16.2.5 Effects of combining PZT with polymers on piezoelectric constants
16.3 Polymer impregnation and pyrolysis (PIP) in CMCs
16.4 Porous composites
16.4.1 Types of pores and their geometrical characteristics
16.4.2 Particle packing
16.4.3 Permeability
16.4.4 Elastic modulus predictions
16.5 Post-curing
16.5.1 Heat post-curing of polymer matrix composites
16.5.2 Light post-curing of polymer matrix composites
16.5.3 Microwave post-curing of polymer matrix composites
16.6 Preform
16.6.1 1D preforms
16.6.2 2D preforms
16.6.3 3D preforms
16.7 Pultrusion
16.8 Pyroelectric composites
16.8.1 Fundamental description
16.8.2 Heckmann diagram
16.8.3 Pyroelectric coefficient
16.8.4 Connectivity of active-passive phases in pyroelectric composites
References
Chapter 17 'Q'
17.1 Quadraxial non-crimp fabric
17.2 Quasi-isotropic laminate
17.3 Quench hardening (metal matrix composites)
References
Chapter 18 'R'
18.1 Reaction injection moulding (RIM) techniques in composites engineering
18.1.1 Reaction injection moulding (RIM)
18.1.2 Reinforced reaction injection moulding (RRIM)
18.1.3 Structural reaction injection moulding (SRIM)
18.2 Reactive melt infiltration (RMI) in CMCs
18.3 Recycling
18.3.1 Recycling of glass fibre reinforced plastics (GFRP)
18.3.2 Recycling of carbon fibre reinforced plastics (CFRP)
18.3.3 Recycling of metal matrix composites (MMC)
18.3.4 Recycling of reinforced concrete
18.3.5 Recycling of wood-based composites
18.4 Reinforcement
18.5 Resin transfer moulding (RTM)
18.6 Reinforced concrete
18.6.1 Steel reinforcements in concrete
18.6.2 Fibre reinforced plastic reinforcements in concrete
18.6.3 Fibre reinforcements in concrete.
18.7 Rule of mixtures (ROM)
18.7.1 Elastic modulus of continuous fibre unidirectional composites loaded in the fibre axis
18.7.2 Elastic modulus of continuous fibre unidirectional composites loaded perpendicular to the fibre axis
18.7.3 Elastic modulus of short fibre composites
18.7.4 Elastic modulus of uniformly distributed particle reinforced non-porous composites
18.7.5 Strength of continuous fibre unidirectional composites loaded in the fibre axis
18.7.6 Strength of continuous fibre unidirectional composites loaded perpendicular to the fibre axis
18.7.7 Strength of short fibre composites
18.7.8 Strength of uniformly distributed particle reinforced non-porous composites
References
Chapter 19 'S'
19.1 Sandwich panels
19.1.1 Elastic beam theory for sandwich panels under three-point bending
19.1.2 Failure modes of sandwich panels
19.1.3 Relevant standards
19.2 Sizing
19.2.1 Applicator roll application of sizing to fibre surfaces
19.2.2 Fibre specific sizing
19.2.3 High temperature sizing
19.3 Slurry impregnation and hot processing of CMCs
19.4 Substructure/grain strengthening (MMCs)
19.4.1 Dislocation flow and strengthening by dislocation pile-up
19.4.2 Dispersion strengthening
19.4.3 Grain boundary strengthening
References
Chapter 20 'T'
20.1 Tri-axial non-crimp fabric
Chapter 21 'U'
21.1 Unbalanced laminates
References
Chapter 22 'V'
22.1 Vacuum-assisted resin transfer moulding (VARTM)
22.2 Volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
22.3 Volume fraction
22.3.1 Image analysis
22.3.2 Solvent/acid digestion
22.3.3 Thermal decomposition (burn-offs)
References
Chapter 23 'W'
23.1 Wovens
23.1.1 2D woven
23.1.2 2.5D woven
23.1.3 3D woven
23.2 Wetting
23.3 Whiskers
23.4 Wood-based composites
23.4.1 Chipboard.
23.4.2 Cross-laminated timber (CLT/X-lam).