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Table of Contents
Intro
Preface
Author biography
Richard A Dunlap
Chapter 1 Energy for the future
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Current world energy use
1.3 Future energy needs
1.4 Fossil fuel resources
Reserves-to-production ratios
The Hubbert model
1.5 Environmental aspects of fossil fuel use
Greenhouse gas emissions
Global warming
Glacial extent
Polar ice masses
Sea ice extent anomaly
Sea level rise
1.6 Future energy sources I-renewable energy
Solar energy
Wind energy
Hydroelectric energy
Geothermal energy
Biofuels
1.7 Future energy sources II-nuclear energy
Nuclear fission energy
Nuclear fusion energy
1.8 Analysis of future energy options
Energy form
Longevity
Available power
Consistency of power
Cost
Environmental impact and risk
Summary of future energy options
References and suggestions for further reading
Chapter 2 Energy from the nucleus
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Nuclear composition
2.3 Nuclear binding energy
2.4 Energy from nuclear fission
Thermal neutron reactors
Fast breeder reactors
2.5 Energy from nuclear fusion
Fusion reactions for power reactors
References and suggestions for further reading
Chapter 3 The early history of nuclear fusion
3.1 Introduction
3.2 An historical overview of solar properties
The mass of the Sun
The composition of the Sun
3.3 Darwin's dilemma
The age of the Earth
The age of the Sun
3.4 Early developments in nuclear physics
Radioactive decay
Einstein's mass-energy relation
Aston's nuclear mass measurements
Development of quantum theory
Early nuclear theories
Discovery of the neutron
Beta decay
3.5 Stellar fusion processes
3.6 Laboratory fusion
The discovery of laboratory fusion
Early concepts in controlled nuclear fusion.
3.7 Thermonuclear weapons
References and suggestions for further reading
Chapter 4 Magnetic confinement fusion
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Achieving fusion conditions
Ignition
The Lawson criterion
Breakeven
The triple product
Reactor energy gain
4.3 Some basic plasma physics
General characteristics of plasmas
Plasma properties
Classification of plasmas
Magnetized plasmas
4.4 Tokamaks
Early history of the tokamak
Basic physics of the tokamak
Tokamak technology
Some notable tokamaks
4.5 Stellarators
Basics of stellarators
Recent stellarator experiments
4.6 Future directions for magnetic confinement fusion
Summary of progress in magnetic confinement fusion
Moore's law
DEMO and PROTO
References and suggestions for further reading
Chapter 5 Inertial confinement fusion
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Lasers
History of the laser
The physics of lasers
CO2 lasers
Nd-glass lasers
KrF lasers
Harmonic generation
5.3 The physics of laser fusion
Basic principles of laser fusion
Instabilities
Direct drive
Indirect drive
Fusion criteria
Advanced ignition schemes
5.4 Overview of some CO2 laser fusion experiments
Helios
Antares
5.5 Overview of some Nd laser fusion experiments
Nd-based laser experiments at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
Nd-based laser experiments at the Laboratory for Laser Energetics (LLE)
Laser Mégajoule
5.6 Overview of some KrF laser fusion experiments
Nike
Electra
5.7 Future directions in inertial confinement fusion research
Progress in laser fusion
Future approaches for laser fusion
References and suggestions for further reading
Chapter 6 Other approaches to fusion
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Electrostatic confinement
The fusor
The polywell
6.3 Accelerator based fusion.
Beam-target fusion
Beam-beam fusion
Muon-catalyzed fusion
Heavy ion drivers
6.4 Hybrid fusion-fission
6.5 Some new approaches to magnetic confinement
Magneto-inertial fusion
Field reversed configuration
6.6 z-Pinch machines
6.7 Magnetized Liner Inertial Fusion (MagLIF)
6.8 Cold fusion
The Fleischmann-Pons experiment
Ongoing cold fusion experiments
6.9 Sonofusion
6.10 The energy catalyzer
6.11 Summary
References and suggestions for further reading
Chapter 7 Is fusion useful?
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Electricity generation
Thermal generation
Direct energy conversion
7.3 Environmental and safety considerations
Reactor safety considerations
Radioactive waste
Neutron activation
Radiation damage
Cooling requirements
Security considerations
7.4 Fusion resources
d-t Fusion resources
d-d Fusion resources
Resources for other fusion reactions
Helium resources
7.5 Economic factors
7.6 Scientific and technical challenges of fusion energy
Magnetic confinement fusion
Inertial confinement fusion
Other fusion approaches
7.7 The future of nuclear fusion energy
References and suggestions for further reading.
Preface
Author biography
Richard A Dunlap
Chapter 1 Energy for the future
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Current world energy use
1.3 Future energy needs
1.4 Fossil fuel resources
Reserves-to-production ratios
The Hubbert model
1.5 Environmental aspects of fossil fuel use
Greenhouse gas emissions
Global warming
Glacial extent
Polar ice masses
Sea ice extent anomaly
Sea level rise
1.6 Future energy sources I-renewable energy
Solar energy
Wind energy
Hydroelectric energy
Geothermal energy
Biofuels
1.7 Future energy sources II-nuclear energy
Nuclear fission energy
Nuclear fusion energy
1.8 Analysis of future energy options
Energy form
Longevity
Available power
Consistency of power
Cost
Environmental impact and risk
Summary of future energy options
References and suggestions for further reading
Chapter 2 Energy from the nucleus
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Nuclear composition
2.3 Nuclear binding energy
2.4 Energy from nuclear fission
Thermal neutron reactors
Fast breeder reactors
2.5 Energy from nuclear fusion
Fusion reactions for power reactors
References and suggestions for further reading
Chapter 3 The early history of nuclear fusion
3.1 Introduction
3.2 An historical overview of solar properties
The mass of the Sun
The composition of the Sun
3.3 Darwin's dilemma
The age of the Earth
The age of the Sun
3.4 Early developments in nuclear physics
Radioactive decay
Einstein's mass-energy relation
Aston's nuclear mass measurements
Development of quantum theory
Early nuclear theories
Discovery of the neutron
Beta decay
3.5 Stellar fusion processes
3.6 Laboratory fusion
The discovery of laboratory fusion
Early concepts in controlled nuclear fusion.
3.7 Thermonuclear weapons
References and suggestions for further reading
Chapter 4 Magnetic confinement fusion
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Achieving fusion conditions
Ignition
The Lawson criterion
Breakeven
The triple product
Reactor energy gain
4.3 Some basic plasma physics
General characteristics of plasmas
Plasma properties
Classification of plasmas
Magnetized plasmas
4.4 Tokamaks
Early history of the tokamak
Basic physics of the tokamak
Tokamak technology
Some notable tokamaks
4.5 Stellarators
Basics of stellarators
Recent stellarator experiments
4.6 Future directions for magnetic confinement fusion
Summary of progress in magnetic confinement fusion
Moore's law
DEMO and PROTO
References and suggestions for further reading
Chapter 5 Inertial confinement fusion
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Lasers
History of the laser
The physics of lasers
CO2 lasers
Nd-glass lasers
KrF lasers
Harmonic generation
5.3 The physics of laser fusion
Basic principles of laser fusion
Instabilities
Direct drive
Indirect drive
Fusion criteria
Advanced ignition schemes
5.4 Overview of some CO2 laser fusion experiments
Helios
Antares
5.5 Overview of some Nd laser fusion experiments
Nd-based laser experiments at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
Nd-based laser experiments at the Laboratory for Laser Energetics (LLE)
Laser Mégajoule
5.6 Overview of some KrF laser fusion experiments
Nike
Electra
5.7 Future directions in inertial confinement fusion research
Progress in laser fusion
Future approaches for laser fusion
References and suggestions for further reading
Chapter 6 Other approaches to fusion
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Electrostatic confinement
The fusor
The polywell
6.3 Accelerator based fusion.
Beam-target fusion
Beam-beam fusion
Muon-catalyzed fusion
Heavy ion drivers
6.4 Hybrid fusion-fission
6.5 Some new approaches to magnetic confinement
Magneto-inertial fusion
Field reversed configuration
6.6 z-Pinch machines
6.7 Magnetized Liner Inertial Fusion (MagLIF)
6.8 Cold fusion
The Fleischmann-Pons experiment
Ongoing cold fusion experiments
6.9 Sonofusion
6.10 The energy catalyzer
6.11 Summary
References and suggestions for further reading
Chapter 7 Is fusion useful?
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Electricity generation
Thermal generation
Direct energy conversion
7.3 Environmental and safety considerations
Reactor safety considerations
Radioactive waste
Neutron activation
Radiation damage
Cooling requirements
Security considerations
7.4 Fusion resources
d-t Fusion resources
d-d Fusion resources
Resources for other fusion reactions
Helium resources
7.5 Economic factors
7.6 Scientific and technical challenges of fusion energy
Magnetic confinement fusion
Inertial confinement fusion
Other fusion approaches
7.7 The future of nuclear fusion energy
References and suggestions for further reading.