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Table of Contents
Intro
Editor biographies
Erno Sajo
Piotr Zygmanski
Contributors
Introduction
Outline placeholder
Rationale of nanoparticle-enhanced radiotherapy
The organization of this book
References
Chapter 1 The role of Auger electrons versus photoelectrons in nanoparticle dose enhancement
1.1 Fundamentals of the Auger process
1.2 The role of fluorescent photons
1.3 The contribution of Auger electrons and photoelectrons to dose
1.4 Angular anisotropy of electron emission from the GNP
1.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 2 Deterministic computation benchmarks of nanoparticle dose enhancement-part I. Nanometer scales
2.1 Perspectives
2.2 The radiation transport basis of high-Z nanoparticle dose enhancement by x-rays
2.3 Deterministic radiation transport computations
2.4 The Green's function of dose enhancement
2.5 Maximum and spatially averaged dose enhancement ratios
2.6 The optimal incident photon energy
2.7 Discussion
2.8 Conclusions
2.9 Appendix
References
Chapter 3 Deterministic computation benchmarks of nanoparticle dose enhancement-part II. Microscopic to macroscopic scales
3.1 The effect of concentration distributions
3.2 Radiation transport computations
3.2.1 Case-1 geometries
3.2.2 Case-2 geometries
3.3 Macroscopic DER effects in case-1 geometries
3.3.1 Dependence on concentration in a fixed tumor volume
3.3.2 Depth and volume dependence for diffusion in one direction
3.3.3 Depth and volume dependence for diffusion in two directions
3.3.4 Kerma approximation of dose
3.3.5 The effective distance of dose enhancement
3.4 Microscopic effects in case-2 geometries-the inadequacy of spatial homogenization
3.5 Discussion
3.6 Conclusions
References.
Chapter 4 Mechanisms of low energy electron interactions with biomolecules: relationship to gold nanoparticle radiosensitization
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Gold nanoparticle (GNP) radiosensitization
4.1.2 Primary mechanisms
4.1.3 Biological damage induced by low energy electrons (LEEs)
4.2 Interaction of LEEs with condensed-phase biomolecules
4.2.1 Basic principles of interaction of LEEs with molecules
4.2.2 Transient molecular anions (TMAs) and their decay channels
4.2.3 Modification of electron capture and decay of transient anions in biological media
4.2.4 Short range and high damage efficiency of LEEs
4.3 Interaction of LEEs with water and DNA
4.3.1 LEE interaction with water and the indirect effect of radiation
4.3.2 Mechanisms of LEE-induced DNA and cellular damage
4.3.3 DNA damage from GNP-generated LEEs and LEE-bombarded GNP-DNA complexes
4.4 Conclusions and future trends
4.5 Abbreviations
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 5 Monte Carlo models of electron transport for dose-enhancement calculations in nanoparticle-aided radiotherapy
5.1 Introduction
5.2 The challenge
5.3 Monte Carlo simulation of electron transport
5.4 Condensed-history models (class I code)
5.5 Mixed condensed-history models (class II codes)
5.6 The case of PENELOPE and Geant4
5.7 Role of condensed-history simulation in NRT
5.8 Track-structure models
5.9 Track-structure models for water
5.10 Track-structure codes for non-aqueous media
5.11 The case of TRAX and Geant4-DNA
5.12 Surface effects
5.13 Role of TS models in NRT
5.14 Monte Carlo codes in NRT
References
Chapter 6 Nanoparticle-aided radiation therapy: challenges of treatment planning
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Nature of energy absorption near high-Z NPs
6.3 Uptake and dispersion prediction of NPs.
6.4 Nanoparticle distribution within tissues and organs
6.5 Determination of NP concentrations on the macroscopic scale
6.6 Cellular internalization
6.7 Dosimetry in the presence of NPs
6.8 NPRT dosimetry on the macroscopic scale
6.9 NPRT dosimetry on the microscopic scale
6.10 Challenges to modelling biological response
6.11 Further evidence for an NP-induced biological effect
6.12 Conclusions and a look forward
References
Chapter 7 Nanoparticle enhanced radiotherapy: quality assurance perspective
7.1 General
7.2 Imaging and verification of NP distribution
7.3 Macroscopic dose calculation
7.4 Radiobiological effect from macroscopic dose enhancement
7.5 Microscopic dose calculation
7.6 Radiobiological effect from microscopic dose enhancement
7.7 Summary
7.8 Experimental/computation setup
7.9 Benchmark and validation tests and data
References
Chapter 8 Optimal nanoparticle concentrations, toxicity and safety and gold nanoparticle design for radiation therapy applications
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Biomedical applications of gold nanoparticles
8.3 Gold nanoparticles are effective, biocompatible tumor-targeting nanocarriers
8.4 Gold nanoparticles in radiation therapy
8.5 Challenges of GNP radiotherapy
8.6 Design considerations for optimal radiosensitization using GNPs
8.7 Size and concentration/dose of GNPs
8.8 Surface charge and multi-functionalities of GNPs
8.9 Toxicity and safety associated with GNP-based radiotherapy
8.10 AuRad platform
8.11 AuRad Platform targeting tumor vasculature
8.12 AuRad platform tumor vasculature disruption
8.13 Summary
References
Chapter 9 Translational nanomaterials for cancer radiation therapy
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 Silica-based nanoparticles
9.1.2 Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs).
9.1.3 Quantum dots (QDs)
9.2 High-Z metals and radiosensitization
9.2.1 Platinum nanoparticles
9.2.2 Gold nanoparticles
9.2.3 Hafnium oxide nanoparticles
9.3 Theranostics nanoparticles
9.3.1 Gadolinium nanoparticles
9.3.2 Bismuth complexes and nanoparticles
9.4 Mechanism of action
9.5 Bystander effect
References
Chapter 10 Gold nanoparticle enhanced radiosensitivity of cells: considerations and contradictions from model systems and basic investigations of cell damaging for radiation therapy
10.1 Cell viability upon cell irradiation in the presence of nanoparticles-colony formation assay (CFA)
10.2 DNA damage upon cell irradiation in the presence of nanoparticles-super-resolution microscopic analysis of γH2AX foci
10.3 Nanoparticle-mediated radio-sensitization of tumor cells independent of nuclear DNA damage
10.4 Conclusions
10.5 Materials and methods
10.5.1 Cell culture, gold nanoparticle incorporation, and specimen irradiation
10.5.2 Clonogenic assay (colony forming assay)
10.5.3 γH2AX immunostaining
10.5.4 Single molecule localization microscopy
Acknowledgement
References
Chapter 11 Super-resolution microscopy of nanogold-labelling
11.1 Electron microscopy
11.2 Light microscopy and localization microscopy
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 12 X-ray based nanoparticle imaging
12.1 Computed tomography (CT)
12.2 Dual- and multi-energy CT (DECT, MECT)
12.3 X-ray fluorescence computed tomography (XFCT)
12.4 SPECT/PET
References
Chapter 13 MRI based nanoparticle imaging
References
Chapter 14 Nanoparticle detection using photoacoustic imaging (PAI)
References
Chapter 15 Radiotherapy application with in situ dose-painting (RAiD) via inhalation delivery
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Materials and methods
15.3 Results
15.4 Discussion.
15.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 16 High-Z ORAYA therapy for wet AMD and ocular cancers
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Materials and methods
16.3 Results
16.4 Discussion
References
Chapter 17 Cerium oxide and titanium dioxide
17.1 Introduction
17.2 CONP mediated ROS scavenging
17.3 TONP aided radiation sensitization
17.4 Discussion
References
Chapter 18 Accelerated Partial Breast Irradiation (APBI)
18.1 Methods
18.2 Results
18.3 Discussion
18.4 Conclusion
References.
Editor biographies
Erno Sajo
Piotr Zygmanski
Contributors
Introduction
Outline placeholder
Rationale of nanoparticle-enhanced radiotherapy
The organization of this book
References
Chapter 1 The role of Auger electrons versus photoelectrons in nanoparticle dose enhancement
1.1 Fundamentals of the Auger process
1.2 The role of fluorescent photons
1.3 The contribution of Auger electrons and photoelectrons to dose
1.4 Angular anisotropy of electron emission from the GNP
1.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 2 Deterministic computation benchmarks of nanoparticle dose enhancement-part I. Nanometer scales
2.1 Perspectives
2.2 The radiation transport basis of high-Z nanoparticle dose enhancement by x-rays
2.3 Deterministic radiation transport computations
2.4 The Green's function of dose enhancement
2.5 Maximum and spatially averaged dose enhancement ratios
2.6 The optimal incident photon energy
2.7 Discussion
2.8 Conclusions
2.9 Appendix
References
Chapter 3 Deterministic computation benchmarks of nanoparticle dose enhancement-part II. Microscopic to macroscopic scales
3.1 The effect of concentration distributions
3.2 Radiation transport computations
3.2.1 Case-1 geometries
3.2.2 Case-2 geometries
3.3 Macroscopic DER effects in case-1 geometries
3.3.1 Dependence on concentration in a fixed tumor volume
3.3.2 Depth and volume dependence for diffusion in one direction
3.3.3 Depth and volume dependence for diffusion in two directions
3.3.4 Kerma approximation of dose
3.3.5 The effective distance of dose enhancement
3.4 Microscopic effects in case-2 geometries-the inadequacy of spatial homogenization
3.5 Discussion
3.6 Conclusions
References.
Chapter 4 Mechanisms of low energy electron interactions with biomolecules: relationship to gold nanoparticle radiosensitization
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Gold nanoparticle (GNP) radiosensitization
4.1.2 Primary mechanisms
4.1.3 Biological damage induced by low energy electrons (LEEs)
4.2 Interaction of LEEs with condensed-phase biomolecules
4.2.1 Basic principles of interaction of LEEs with molecules
4.2.2 Transient molecular anions (TMAs) and their decay channels
4.2.3 Modification of electron capture and decay of transient anions in biological media
4.2.4 Short range and high damage efficiency of LEEs
4.3 Interaction of LEEs with water and DNA
4.3.1 LEE interaction with water and the indirect effect of radiation
4.3.2 Mechanisms of LEE-induced DNA and cellular damage
4.3.3 DNA damage from GNP-generated LEEs and LEE-bombarded GNP-DNA complexes
4.4 Conclusions and future trends
4.5 Abbreviations
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 5 Monte Carlo models of electron transport for dose-enhancement calculations in nanoparticle-aided radiotherapy
5.1 Introduction
5.2 The challenge
5.3 Monte Carlo simulation of electron transport
5.4 Condensed-history models (class I code)
5.5 Mixed condensed-history models (class II codes)
5.6 The case of PENELOPE and Geant4
5.7 Role of condensed-history simulation in NRT
5.8 Track-structure models
5.9 Track-structure models for water
5.10 Track-structure codes for non-aqueous media
5.11 The case of TRAX and Geant4-DNA
5.12 Surface effects
5.13 Role of TS models in NRT
5.14 Monte Carlo codes in NRT
References
Chapter 6 Nanoparticle-aided radiation therapy: challenges of treatment planning
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Nature of energy absorption near high-Z NPs
6.3 Uptake and dispersion prediction of NPs.
6.4 Nanoparticle distribution within tissues and organs
6.5 Determination of NP concentrations on the macroscopic scale
6.6 Cellular internalization
6.7 Dosimetry in the presence of NPs
6.8 NPRT dosimetry on the macroscopic scale
6.9 NPRT dosimetry on the microscopic scale
6.10 Challenges to modelling biological response
6.11 Further evidence for an NP-induced biological effect
6.12 Conclusions and a look forward
References
Chapter 7 Nanoparticle enhanced radiotherapy: quality assurance perspective
7.1 General
7.2 Imaging and verification of NP distribution
7.3 Macroscopic dose calculation
7.4 Radiobiological effect from macroscopic dose enhancement
7.5 Microscopic dose calculation
7.6 Radiobiological effect from microscopic dose enhancement
7.7 Summary
7.8 Experimental/computation setup
7.9 Benchmark and validation tests and data
References
Chapter 8 Optimal nanoparticle concentrations, toxicity and safety and gold nanoparticle design for radiation therapy applications
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Biomedical applications of gold nanoparticles
8.3 Gold nanoparticles are effective, biocompatible tumor-targeting nanocarriers
8.4 Gold nanoparticles in radiation therapy
8.5 Challenges of GNP radiotherapy
8.6 Design considerations for optimal radiosensitization using GNPs
8.7 Size and concentration/dose of GNPs
8.8 Surface charge and multi-functionalities of GNPs
8.9 Toxicity and safety associated with GNP-based radiotherapy
8.10 AuRad platform
8.11 AuRad Platform targeting tumor vasculature
8.12 AuRad platform tumor vasculature disruption
8.13 Summary
References
Chapter 9 Translational nanomaterials for cancer radiation therapy
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 Silica-based nanoparticles
9.1.2 Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs).
9.1.3 Quantum dots (QDs)
9.2 High-Z metals and radiosensitization
9.2.1 Platinum nanoparticles
9.2.2 Gold nanoparticles
9.2.3 Hafnium oxide nanoparticles
9.3 Theranostics nanoparticles
9.3.1 Gadolinium nanoparticles
9.3.2 Bismuth complexes and nanoparticles
9.4 Mechanism of action
9.5 Bystander effect
References
Chapter 10 Gold nanoparticle enhanced radiosensitivity of cells: considerations and contradictions from model systems and basic investigations of cell damaging for radiation therapy
10.1 Cell viability upon cell irradiation in the presence of nanoparticles-colony formation assay (CFA)
10.2 DNA damage upon cell irradiation in the presence of nanoparticles-super-resolution microscopic analysis of γH2AX foci
10.3 Nanoparticle-mediated radio-sensitization of tumor cells independent of nuclear DNA damage
10.4 Conclusions
10.5 Materials and methods
10.5.1 Cell culture, gold nanoparticle incorporation, and specimen irradiation
10.5.2 Clonogenic assay (colony forming assay)
10.5.3 γH2AX immunostaining
10.5.4 Single molecule localization microscopy
Acknowledgement
References
Chapter 11 Super-resolution microscopy of nanogold-labelling
11.1 Electron microscopy
11.2 Light microscopy and localization microscopy
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 12 X-ray based nanoparticle imaging
12.1 Computed tomography (CT)
12.2 Dual- and multi-energy CT (DECT, MECT)
12.3 X-ray fluorescence computed tomography (XFCT)
12.4 SPECT/PET
References
Chapter 13 MRI based nanoparticle imaging
References
Chapter 14 Nanoparticle detection using photoacoustic imaging (PAI)
References
Chapter 15 Radiotherapy application with in situ dose-painting (RAiD) via inhalation delivery
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Materials and methods
15.3 Results
15.4 Discussion.
15.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 16 High-Z ORAYA therapy for wet AMD and ocular cancers
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Materials and methods
16.3 Results
16.4 Discussion
References
Chapter 17 Cerium oxide and titanium dioxide
17.1 Introduction
17.2 CONP mediated ROS scavenging
17.3 TONP aided radiation sensitization
17.4 Discussion
References
Chapter 18 Accelerated Partial Breast Irradiation (APBI)
18.1 Methods
18.2 Results
18.3 Discussion
18.4 Conclusion
References.