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Table of Contents
Intro
Preface
Acknowledgements
Author biography
Anirudh Singh
Chapter 1 Renewable energy and biomass
1.1 Introduction
1.2 The energy use sectors
1.3 Energy flow-from primary to end-use energy
1.4 Global primary energy and total final energy consumption
1.5 Share of renewable energy in the global final energy consumption
1.6 Share of renewable energy in global electrical power generation
1.7 Global share of biomass energy
Exercises
References
Chapter 2 Introduction to solid biomass-properties and use
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Energy in biomass
2.2.1 Obtaining energy from biomass
2.2.2 Where does the energy in biomass reside?
2.2.3 Biomass as an energy source
2.3 Forms of solid biomass feedstock
2.3.1 Dedicated energy crops
2.3.2 Forestry and industrial residues
2.3.3 Municipal solid waste
2.3.4 Animal waste
2.3.5 Sewage
2.4 Energy uses of solid biomass
2.4.1 Case study: biomass energy use in the USA
2.5 The important properties of woody biomass
2.5.1 Moisture content
2.5.2 Energy content
2.6 Energy-moisture relations
2.7 Density-moisture relations
2.7.1 The density of wood
2.7.2 Density-moisture curves
2.8 Pre-treatment and densification of biomass
2.8.1 The need for densification
2.8.2 Pre-treatment of biomass
2.8.3 Densification techniques
Exercises, questions and projects
Exercises
Questions
Projects
References
Chapter 3 Thermal and thermochemical conversion of solid biomass
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Pathways for biomass conversion
3.2.1 Overview of biomass conversion processes
3.2.2 Thermochemical processes
3.3 Combustion
3.3.1 Nature of combustion
3.3.2 Combustion of solid biomass
3.3.3 The products of combustion
3.4 Pyrolysis
3.4.1 Introduction to pyrolysis
3.4.2 The pyrolysis process.
3.4.3 Types of pyrolysis
3.4.4 Products of pyrolysis
3.4.5 Pyrolysis reactors
3.5 Gasification
3.5.1 What is gasification?
3.5.2 Overview of the gasification process
3.5.3 The chemistry of gasification
Drying
Pyrolysis
Combustion
3.5.4 Uses of syngas
Gasification
3.5.5 Gasifiers
3.6 Summary of thermochemical processes and products
Exercises, questions and quizzes
Exercises
Questions
Research questions (RQs)
Quizzes
References
Chapter 4 Chemical, biochemical and electrochemical conversion of biomass
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Chemical conversion of biomass
4.2.1 Transesterification and biodiesel
4.2.2 Hydro-treated vegetable oils as fuels for transportation
4.2.3 Synthetic fuels from syngas-the FTS process
4.3 Biochemical conversion of biomass through respiration
4.3.1 Cellular metabolism
4.3.2 Respiration and ATP
4.3.3 Anaerobic respiration and fermentation
4.4 Anaerobic digestion and methane fermentation
4.4.1 Introduction
4.4.2 Methane fermentation pathways
4.5 Electrochemical conversion of biofuels
4.5.1 Introduction-thermal vs electrochemical conversion of chemical energy
4.5.2 The importance of fuel cells
4.5.3 Blue hydrogen and hydrogen fuel cells
Exercises and questions
Exercises
Questions
References
Chapter 5 The thermodynamics of heat engines
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Heat engine-basic concepts
5.3 Basic concepts of thermodynamics
5.3.1 System
5.3.2 State variables
5.3.3 State diagrams
5.3.4 Processes and paths
5.3.5 First law of thermodynamics
5.3.6 Cyclic processes
5.4 Principle of operation of the heat engine
5.4.1 New form of the first law
5.4.2 The second law of thermodynamics
5.4.3 Thermal efficiency
5.4.4 Carnot efficiency
5.5 Heat engine power cycles.
5.5.1 Closed and open cycles
5.6 Types of heat engines
5.6.1 External and internal combustion engines
5.6.2 Turbines and piston engines
5.7 The Rankine cycle and the steam turbine
5.7.1 The realistic steam turbine with super-heating
5.7.2 Improving design with reheating
5.8 The Brayton cycle and the gas turbine
Exercises, questions and quizzes
Exercises
Questions
Quiz
References
Chapter 6 Bioenergy-based power generation technology
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Principles of operation of thermal power plants
6.2.1 Generic design of thermal power plants
6.3 Types of thermal power plants
6.3.1 Characteristics of thermal power plants
6.3.2 Condensing and CHP power plants
6.3.3 A typical condensing coal-fired power plant
6.4 Combined cycle power plants
6.4.1 Multi-stage power plants
6.4.2 Integrated gasification combined cycle power plant (IGCCPP)
6.5 Bioenergy-fired thermal power plants in industrial application
6.5.1 Bagasse-fired power plants in the sugar industry
6.5.2 Solid biomass-fired power plants
6.5.3 Pyrolysis power plants
6.5.4 Biogas-fired power plants
Exercises and questions
Exercises
Questions
References
Chapter 7 Electrochemical conversion and storage of energy
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 What are electrolysers, fuel cells and batteries?
7.1.2 Introducing the electrochemical cell
7.1.3 How are electrolysers, fuel cells and batteries related?
7.2 Types of fuel cells
7.2.1 Introduction
7.2.2 Fuel cell types
7.2.3 Summary of essential properties of fuel cells
7.3 Types of batteries
7.3.1 Primary batteries
7.3.2 Secondary (rechargeable) batteries
7.4 Battery research and development
Exercises and questions
Exercises
Questions
References
Chapter 8 Introduction to liquid biofuels
8.1 Introduction.
8.2 Types of biofuels
8.2.1 What are biofuels?
8.2.2 What are the generations of biofuels?
8.2.3 Issues with first generation biofuels
8.2.4 Biofuel blends
8.3 Global production of biofuels
8.4 Engine fuel properties and standards
8.4.1 Fuel properties
Octane number
Cetane number
Summary
8.4.2 Gasoline and diesel engine fuels
8.4.3 Fuel standards and legislations
8.4.4 Biofuel standards
8.4.5 Fuel standards and legislations-the Australian case study
Exercises, questions and activities
References
Chapter 9 Bioethanol and biobutanol
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Bioethanol
9.2.1 Fuel properties of ethanol
9.2.2 Industrial production of bioethanol
9.2.3 Metabolic pathways for bioethanol
9.2.4 Issues with bioethanol fuel
9.2.5 Future biofuels through metabolic engineering
9.3 Biobutanol
9.3.1 Fuel properties of butanol
9.3.2 Industrial production of biobutanol
9.3.3 Butanol fermentation through the ABE process
9.3.4 Improving yield through metabolic engineering
Exercises and questions
Exercises
Questions
References
Chapter 10 Biodiesel, biogas and biomethane
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Biodiesel
10.2.1 Introduction
10.2.2 Biodiesel as a fuel
10.2.3 Fuel properties of biodiesel
10.2.4 Industrial production of biodiesel
10.2.5 Issues with biodiesel
10.3 Biogas and biomethane
10.3.1 Biogas
10.3.2 Biomethane or renewable natural gas (RNG)
10.3.3 Future supply outlook for biogas and biomethane
Exercises and questions
References
Chapter 11 Emerging fuels for transport and power
11.1 Introduction
11.2 HVO-a better biofuel for diesel engines
11.2.1 Production of HVO
11.3 Syngas-a gas for many applications
11.3.1 Uses of syngas
11.4 The FTS process-synthetic fuels for conventional engines
History
Nomenclature.
The stages of the FTS process
11.5 Pyrolysis oil-new fuel for sea transport and power generation
11.6 Hydrogen-green fuel for EVs and storage
11.6.1 Hydrogen production
11.6.2 Hydrogen as a green fuel
11.6.3 Use of hydrogen-the hydrogen economy
What is zero-emissions hydrogen?
Exercises and questions
Exercises
Questions and research questions
References
Chapter 12 Drivers and threats to global renewable energy production
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Who are the stakeholders in global energy?
12.3 Energy and global conflicts
12.4 The role of fossil fuel subsidies
12.5 New drivers for global RE production
12.5.1 Climate change
12.5.2 Energy access for all
Exercises and questions
References
Chapter 13 Climate change and future energy technology
13.1 Introduction
13.2 The net zero by 2050 ultimatum from the UNFCCC
13.2.1 The Paris Agreement and its goals
13.2.2 The IPCC Special Report on 1.5 °C
13.2.3 High Level Dialogue on Energy (HLDE)
13.2.4 The Emissions Gap Report 2021
13.3 The science behind climate change
13.3.1 Global warming
13.3.2 Estimating emissions
13.4 COP26 and the global energy transition
13.4.1 Goals of COP26
13.4.2 New tools and opportunities for achieving net zero
13.5 The energy transition-an Australian case study
13.5.1 Australia's net zero plan
13.5.2 The role of Australian universities-ANU's grand challenge
13.5.3 Summary remarks
13.6 COP27
Exercises and questions
Exercises
Questions and research questions
References
Chapter 14 Energy, pandemics and an integrated global development plan
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Global poverty, the MDGs and the SDGs
14.2.1 Poverty and the MDGs
14.2.2 Energy access and the SDGs
History and motivation for the SDGs
The indicators of sustainable development.
14.3 Energy and economic well-being.
Preface
Acknowledgements
Author biography
Anirudh Singh
Chapter 1 Renewable energy and biomass
1.1 Introduction
1.2 The energy use sectors
1.3 Energy flow-from primary to end-use energy
1.4 Global primary energy and total final energy consumption
1.5 Share of renewable energy in the global final energy consumption
1.6 Share of renewable energy in global electrical power generation
1.7 Global share of biomass energy
Exercises
References
Chapter 2 Introduction to solid biomass-properties and use
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Energy in biomass
2.2.1 Obtaining energy from biomass
2.2.2 Where does the energy in biomass reside?
2.2.3 Biomass as an energy source
2.3 Forms of solid biomass feedstock
2.3.1 Dedicated energy crops
2.3.2 Forestry and industrial residues
2.3.3 Municipal solid waste
2.3.4 Animal waste
2.3.5 Sewage
2.4 Energy uses of solid biomass
2.4.1 Case study: biomass energy use in the USA
2.5 The important properties of woody biomass
2.5.1 Moisture content
2.5.2 Energy content
2.6 Energy-moisture relations
2.7 Density-moisture relations
2.7.1 The density of wood
2.7.2 Density-moisture curves
2.8 Pre-treatment and densification of biomass
2.8.1 The need for densification
2.8.2 Pre-treatment of biomass
2.8.3 Densification techniques
Exercises, questions and projects
Exercises
Questions
Projects
References
Chapter 3 Thermal and thermochemical conversion of solid biomass
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Pathways for biomass conversion
3.2.1 Overview of biomass conversion processes
3.2.2 Thermochemical processes
3.3 Combustion
3.3.1 Nature of combustion
3.3.2 Combustion of solid biomass
3.3.3 The products of combustion
3.4 Pyrolysis
3.4.1 Introduction to pyrolysis
3.4.2 The pyrolysis process.
3.4.3 Types of pyrolysis
3.4.4 Products of pyrolysis
3.4.5 Pyrolysis reactors
3.5 Gasification
3.5.1 What is gasification?
3.5.2 Overview of the gasification process
3.5.3 The chemistry of gasification
Drying
Pyrolysis
Combustion
3.5.4 Uses of syngas
Gasification
3.5.5 Gasifiers
3.6 Summary of thermochemical processes and products
Exercises, questions and quizzes
Exercises
Questions
Research questions (RQs)
Quizzes
References
Chapter 4 Chemical, biochemical and electrochemical conversion of biomass
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Chemical conversion of biomass
4.2.1 Transesterification and biodiesel
4.2.2 Hydro-treated vegetable oils as fuels for transportation
4.2.3 Synthetic fuels from syngas-the FTS process
4.3 Biochemical conversion of biomass through respiration
4.3.1 Cellular metabolism
4.3.2 Respiration and ATP
4.3.3 Anaerobic respiration and fermentation
4.4 Anaerobic digestion and methane fermentation
4.4.1 Introduction
4.4.2 Methane fermentation pathways
4.5 Electrochemical conversion of biofuels
4.5.1 Introduction-thermal vs electrochemical conversion of chemical energy
4.5.2 The importance of fuel cells
4.5.3 Blue hydrogen and hydrogen fuel cells
Exercises and questions
Exercises
Questions
References
Chapter 5 The thermodynamics of heat engines
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Heat engine-basic concepts
5.3 Basic concepts of thermodynamics
5.3.1 System
5.3.2 State variables
5.3.3 State diagrams
5.3.4 Processes and paths
5.3.5 First law of thermodynamics
5.3.6 Cyclic processes
5.4 Principle of operation of the heat engine
5.4.1 New form of the first law
5.4.2 The second law of thermodynamics
5.4.3 Thermal efficiency
5.4.4 Carnot efficiency
5.5 Heat engine power cycles.
5.5.1 Closed and open cycles
5.6 Types of heat engines
5.6.1 External and internal combustion engines
5.6.2 Turbines and piston engines
5.7 The Rankine cycle and the steam turbine
5.7.1 The realistic steam turbine with super-heating
5.7.2 Improving design with reheating
5.8 The Brayton cycle and the gas turbine
Exercises, questions and quizzes
Exercises
Questions
Quiz
References
Chapter 6 Bioenergy-based power generation technology
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Principles of operation of thermal power plants
6.2.1 Generic design of thermal power plants
6.3 Types of thermal power plants
6.3.1 Characteristics of thermal power plants
6.3.2 Condensing and CHP power plants
6.3.3 A typical condensing coal-fired power plant
6.4 Combined cycle power plants
6.4.1 Multi-stage power plants
6.4.2 Integrated gasification combined cycle power plant (IGCCPP)
6.5 Bioenergy-fired thermal power plants in industrial application
6.5.1 Bagasse-fired power plants in the sugar industry
6.5.2 Solid biomass-fired power plants
6.5.3 Pyrolysis power plants
6.5.4 Biogas-fired power plants
Exercises and questions
Exercises
Questions
References
Chapter 7 Electrochemical conversion and storage of energy
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 What are electrolysers, fuel cells and batteries?
7.1.2 Introducing the electrochemical cell
7.1.3 How are electrolysers, fuel cells and batteries related?
7.2 Types of fuel cells
7.2.1 Introduction
7.2.2 Fuel cell types
7.2.3 Summary of essential properties of fuel cells
7.3 Types of batteries
7.3.1 Primary batteries
7.3.2 Secondary (rechargeable) batteries
7.4 Battery research and development
Exercises and questions
Exercises
Questions
References
Chapter 8 Introduction to liquid biofuels
8.1 Introduction.
8.2 Types of biofuels
8.2.1 What are biofuels?
8.2.2 What are the generations of biofuels?
8.2.3 Issues with first generation biofuels
8.2.4 Biofuel blends
8.3 Global production of biofuels
8.4 Engine fuel properties and standards
8.4.1 Fuel properties
Octane number
Cetane number
Summary
8.4.2 Gasoline and diesel engine fuels
8.4.3 Fuel standards and legislations
8.4.4 Biofuel standards
8.4.5 Fuel standards and legislations-the Australian case study
Exercises, questions and activities
References
Chapter 9 Bioethanol and biobutanol
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Bioethanol
9.2.1 Fuel properties of ethanol
9.2.2 Industrial production of bioethanol
9.2.3 Metabolic pathways for bioethanol
9.2.4 Issues with bioethanol fuel
9.2.5 Future biofuels through metabolic engineering
9.3 Biobutanol
9.3.1 Fuel properties of butanol
9.3.2 Industrial production of biobutanol
9.3.3 Butanol fermentation through the ABE process
9.3.4 Improving yield through metabolic engineering
Exercises and questions
Exercises
Questions
References
Chapter 10 Biodiesel, biogas and biomethane
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Biodiesel
10.2.1 Introduction
10.2.2 Biodiesel as a fuel
10.2.3 Fuel properties of biodiesel
10.2.4 Industrial production of biodiesel
10.2.5 Issues with biodiesel
10.3 Biogas and biomethane
10.3.1 Biogas
10.3.2 Biomethane or renewable natural gas (RNG)
10.3.3 Future supply outlook for biogas and biomethane
Exercises and questions
References
Chapter 11 Emerging fuels for transport and power
11.1 Introduction
11.2 HVO-a better biofuel for diesel engines
11.2.1 Production of HVO
11.3 Syngas-a gas for many applications
11.3.1 Uses of syngas
11.4 The FTS process-synthetic fuels for conventional engines
History
Nomenclature.
The stages of the FTS process
11.5 Pyrolysis oil-new fuel for sea transport and power generation
11.6 Hydrogen-green fuel for EVs and storage
11.6.1 Hydrogen production
11.6.2 Hydrogen as a green fuel
11.6.3 Use of hydrogen-the hydrogen economy
What is zero-emissions hydrogen?
Exercises and questions
Exercises
Questions and research questions
References
Chapter 12 Drivers and threats to global renewable energy production
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Who are the stakeholders in global energy?
12.3 Energy and global conflicts
12.4 The role of fossil fuel subsidies
12.5 New drivers for global RE production
12.5.1 Climate change
12.5.2 Energy access for all
Exercises and questions
References
Chapter 13 Climate change and future energy technology
13.1 Introduction
13.2 The net zero by 2050 ultimatum from the UNFCCC
13.2.1 The Paris Agreement and its goals
13.2.2 The IPCC Special Report on 1.5 °C
13.2.3 High Level Dialogue on Energy (HLDE)
13.2.4 The Emissions Gap Report 2021
13.3 The science behind climate change
13.3.1 Global warming
13.3.2 Estimating emissions
13.4 COP26 and the global energy transition
13.4.1 Goals of COP26
13.4.2 New tools and opportunities for achieving net zero
13.5 The energy transition-an Australian case study
13.5.1 Australia's net zero plan
13.5.2 The role of Australian universities-ANU's grand challenge
13.5.3 Summary remarks
13.6 COP27
Exercises and questions
Exercises
Questions and research questions
References
Chapter 14 Energy, pandemics and an integrated global development plan
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Global poverty, the MDGs and the SDGs
14.2.1 Poverty and the MDGs
14.2.2 Energy access and the SDGs
History and motivation for the SDGs
The indicators of sustainable development.
14.3 Energy and economic well-being.