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Table of Contents
Intro
Preface
Editor biographies
Arindam Bit
Jasjit S Suri
Contributors
Chapter 1 Anatomy and physiology of blood vessels
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Structure of blood vessel
1.2.1 Tunica intima
1.2.2 Tunica media
1.2.3 Tunica externa
1.3 Types of blood vessels
1.3.1 Arteries
1.3.2 Pulmonary artery
1.3.3 Coronary artery
1.3.4 Systemic artery
1.3.5 Hepatic artery
1.3.6 Carotid artery
1.3.7 Retinal artery
1.3.8 Splenic artery
1.3.9 Capillaries
1.3.10 Fenestrated capillaries
1.3.11 Sinusoidal capillaries
1.3.12 Continuous capillaries
1.3.13 Veins
1.3.14 Pulmonary vein
1.3.15 Systemic veins
1.3.16 The heart veins
1.3.17 The veins of the head and neck
1.3.18 The veins present in the exterior part of the head and face
1.3.19 The veins in the neck
1.3.20 The veins of the brain
1.3.21 Opthalmic vein
1.3.22 Hepatic vein
1.3.23 Splenic vein
1.4 Circulatory networks
1.4.1 Pulmonary circulation
1.4.2 Coronary circulation
1.4.3 Systemic circulation
1.5 Physiology of blood flow
1.5.1 Blood flow between capillaries and tissues
1.5.2 Regulation of blood pressure
1.5.3 Baroreceptor response
1.5.4 Chemoreceptor response
1.5.5 Rennin-angiotensin-aldosterine activation system
1.5.6 Autoregulation of blood flow
1.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 2 Neurovascular structure and function
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Pathology in neurovascular units
2.3 Medial neurovascular structures
2.4 Cerebral vascular disease in ischemic stroke
2.5 Vascular risk factors
2.6 Neurovascular mechanics
2.7 Pathology of microvascular components in the NVU
2.8 Neurogenesis and neurovascular homeostasis
2.9 Neurovascular structure at coronal segment
2.10 Neurovascular structure and pathology near the foot.
2.11 Neurovascular pathology at the shoulder joint
2.12 Neurovasculature at the hip joint and meniscus
2.13 Conclusion
References
Chapter 3 3D bioprinting in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Types of 3D bioprinting
3.2.1 Extrusion-based bioprinting
3.2.2 Inkjet bioprinting
3.2.3 Laser based bioprinting
3.3 Hard tissue engineering
3.3.1 Bone
3.3.2 Cartilage
3.4 Soft tissue engineering
3.4.1 Vascular tissue
3.4.2 Skin
3.5 Tissue engineering for application in specific organs
3.5.1 Liver
3.5.2 Kidney
3.5.3 Bladder
3.5.4 Retina
3.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 4 Numerical analysis of blood flow in vasculature structure
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Methodology
4.2.1 Construction of geometry
4.3 Results and discussion
4.3.1 Hemodynamics of blood through axi-symmetric aneurismal blood vessel
4.3.2 Comparative assessment of hemodynamics of blood in a stenosed or aneurismal vessel
4.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 5 Numerical analysis of blood flow in a micro-capillary in in vitro conditions
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Methodology
5.2.1 Micro-viscometer study
5.3 Numerical modeling
5.4 Grid independence study
5.5 Results and discussions
5.5.1 Evaluation of fluid flow parameter in a microviscometer
5.6 Numerical assessment of the rheological model for blood flowing in an inclined plane
5.7 Discussion
5.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6 Experimental analysis of blood flow in vessels with pathological conditions
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Methodology
6.2.1 Overview of experimental table
6.2.2 lDV principle
6.3 Laser head
6.4 Plasma tube
6.5 Power supply
6.6 Multi-colour beam splitter
6.7 Fiber optic transmitter probe
6.8 Photo detector module
6.9 FSA signal processor
6.10 Down-mixer.
6.11 Burst acquisition system
6.12 Photo multiplier tube voltage
6.13 Burst threshold
6.14 SNR and downmixing frequency
6.15 Noise in LDV
6.16 Test bench of blood vessel
6.17 Result
6.17.1 Analysis of stenosis influence length
6.18 Uncertainty analysis
6.18.1 Shifted frequency of reflected light at the receiver (fr)
6.19 Conclusion
References
Chapter 7 Biomaterials for a synthetic and tissue engineered blood vessel
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Blood-biomaterial interaction
7.3 Synthetic polymer
7.4 Natural polymer
7.5 Decellularized matrix
7.6 Hybrid material
7.7 Assessment of practical use of a vascular graft
7.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 8 3D printing technology, bioink, fabrication technique of blood vessel and system used for cell culturing
8.1 Introduction
8.2 3D printing technology for tissue engineering
8.2.1 Fused deposition modelling (FDM)
8.2.2 Selective laser sintering: the laser based
8.2.3 Stereolithography
8.2.4 Laser metal deposition
8.2.5 Digital laser processing
8.2.6 Jet-based bioprinting technology
8.2.7 Inkjet printing
8.2.8 Micro-valve printing
8.2.9 Acoustic printing
8.2.10 Laser-assisted printing
8.2.11 Electrospun
8.2.12 Electrohydrodynamic jet printing
8.3 Bio-ink/Biomaterial
8.3.1 Criteria for selection of biomaterial
8.3.2 Types of biomaterials
8.4 Blood vessel formation using a 3D printer
8.4.1 Anatomy of a blood vessel
8.4.2 Self-assembly approach
8.4.3 Extrusion-based 3D printing system with rotatory printing device
8.4.4 Drop and demand method
8.4.5 Hydrogel bio-printed micro-channel
8.4.6 Laser-based 3D bioprinting of a blood vessel
8.4.7 Embedded bioprinting for vascular engineering
8.5 Importance of bioreactors
8.6 Conclusion
References.
Chapter 9 Blood flow evaluation in different circulatory systems
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Methodology
9.3 Results and discussions
9.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 10 Fabrication techniques of artificial blood vessels
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Cell types used for blood vessel regeneration
10.3 Techniques for the regeneration of blood vessels
10.3.1 Scaffold-free technology
10.3.2 Freeze drying
10.3.3 Decellularized vascular graft
10.4 Bioprinting technique
10.5 Electrospinning
10.6 Hybrid scaffold fabrication technique
10.7 Characterization of an artificial blood vessel
10.8 Mechanical properties of an artificially fabricated blood vessel by different techniques
10.9 Conclusion
References
Chapter 11 Bioreactors for tissue engineered blood vessels
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Properties of a bioreactor
11.3 Blood vessel bioreactors
11.3.1 Pulsatile perfusion bioreactor
11.3.2 Biaxial bioreactor
11.3.3 VascuTrainer bioreactor
11.3.4 Perfusion bioreactor with longitudinal stretch
11.3.5 Pulsatile flow bioreactors
11.3.6 Bioreactor with cyclic strain
11.3.7 Multi-cue bioreactor
11.4 Bioreactors specifically designed for tissue engineered heart valves
11.4.1 Cardiac valve bioreactor
11.4.2 Pulsatile bioreactors for cardiac valves
11.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 12 An artificial blood vessel and its controlling aspects-I
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Formation of blood vessels in the human body
12.3 New capillaries formed from sprouting
12.4 Angiogenesis controlling factors
12.5 Functions of blood vessels
12.6 Biological control of blood vessel structure and its effects on various physiological parameters
12.7 Need for artificial blood vessels
12.7.1 Buerger's disease
12.7.2 Peripheral venous disease and varicose veins.
12.7.3 Raynaud's disease or Raynaud's syndrome
12.8 Development of artificial blood vessels through tissue engineering
12.9 Vascular tissue regeneration
12.9.1 Decellularized matrices based scaffolds
12.9.2 Scaffolds from natural polymers
12.9.3 Scaffolds from biodegradable synthetic polymers
12.9.4 Synthetic and natural scaffolds
12.9.5 Hybrid scaffolds from synthetic and natural polymers
12.9.6 TEVGs without scaffolds
12.10 Selection of biomaterials and design parameters
12.11 Biomaterials preferred for preparing vascular grafts
12.11.1 Synthetic nondegradable polymers (ePTFE, dacron and polyurethanes)
12.11.2 Polymer functionalization
12.11.3 Degradable scaffolds
12.11.4 Biopolymers
12.11.5 Nanocomposites
12.11.6 Alternative tissue sources
12.12 Controlling factors and functional requirements in blood vessel tissue engineering
12.12.1 Mechanical requirements
12.12.2 Biological requirements
12.13 Vascular grafts and their main applications
References and further reading
Chapter 13 Control aspects of the circulatory system
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Passive control system of circulatory system
13.2.1 The ventricles
13.2.2 The atria
13.2.3 The systemic and pulmonary vessels
13.3 Neural and humoral control system
13.3.1 Baroreceptor reflexes
13.3.2 Input-output relationship of the baroreceptor
13.4 Transformation of afferent baroreceptor signals into heart rate
13.4.1 Control of cardiac contractility
13.4.2 Sympathetic control of fluid resistance of systematic arterioles
13.4.3 Control of systemic venous volume
13.4.4 Model of cardiovascular control loop
13.5 Behaviour of the controlled cardiovascular system
13.5.1 Cardiac rhythm caused by the LV assist pump
13.5.2 Animal experiment
13.5.3 Role of circulatory system in LV by-pass surgery.
13.6 Cardiovascular circulatory system and assist pump model.
Preface
Editor biographies
Arindam Bit
Jasjit S Suri
Contributors
Chapter 1 Anatomy and physiology of blood vessels
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Structure of blood vessel
1.2.1 Tunica intima
1.2.2 Tunica media
1.2.3 Tunica externa
1.3 Types of blood vessels
1.3.1 Arteries
1.3.2 Pulmonary artery
1.3.3 Coronary artery
1.3.4 Systemic artery
1.3.5 Hepatic artery
1.3.6 Carotid artery
1.3.7 Retinal artery
1.3.8 Splenic artery
1.3.9 Capillaries
1.3.10 Fenestrated capillaries
1.3.11 Sinusoidal capillaries
1.3.12 Continuous capillaries
1.3.13 Veins
1.3.14 Pulmonary vein
1.3.15 Systemic veins
1.3.16 The heart veins
1.3.17 The veins of the head and neck
1.3.18 The veins present in the exterior part of the head and face
1.3.19 The veins in the neck
1.3.20 The veins of the brain
1.3.21 Opthalmic vein
1.3.22 Hepatic vein
1.3.23 Splenic vein
1.4 Circulatory networks
1.4.1 Pulmonary circulation
1.4.2 Coronary circulation
1.4.3 Systemic circulation
1.5 Physiology of blood flow
1.5.1 Blood flow between capillaries and tissues
1.5.2 Regulation of blood pressure
1.5.3 Baroreceptor response
1.5.4 Chemoreceptor response
1.5.5 Rennin-angiotensin-aldosterine activation system
1.5.6 Autoregulation of blood flow
1.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 2 Neurovascular structure and function
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Pathology in neurovascular units
2.3 Medial neurovascular structures
2.4 Cerebral vascular disease in ischemic stroke
2.5 Vascular risk factors
2.6 Neurovascular mechanics
2.7 Pathology of microvascular components in the NVU
2.8 Neurogenesis and neurovascular homeostasis
2.9 Neurovascular structure at coronal segment
2.10 Neurovascular structure and pathology near the foot.
2.11 Neurovascular pathology at the shoulder joint
2.12 Neurovasculature at the hip joint and meniscus
2.13 Conclusion
References
Chapter 3 3D bioprinting in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Types of 3D bioprinting
3.2.1 Extrusion-based bioprinting
3.2.2 Inkjet bioprinting
3.2.3 Laser based bioprinting
3.3 Hard tissue engineering
3.3.1 Bone
3.3.2 Cartilage
3.4 Soft tissue engineering
3.4.1 Vascular tissue
3.4.2 Skin
3.5 Tissue engineering for application in specific organs
3.5.1 Liver
3.5.2 Kidney
3.5.3 Bladder
3.5.4 Retina
3.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 4 Numerical analysis of blood flow in vasculature structure
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Methodology
4.2.1 Construction of geometry
4.3 Results and discussion
4.3.1 Hemodynamics of blood through axi-symmetric aneurismal blood vessel
4.3.2 Comparative assessment of hemodynamics of blood in a stenosed or aneurismal vessel
4.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 5 Numerical analysis of blood flow in a micro-capillary in in vitro conditions
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Methodology
5.2.1 Micro-viscometer study
5.3 Numerical modeling
5.4 Grid independence study
5.5 Results and discussions
5.5.1 Evaluation of fluid flow parameter in a microviscometer
5.6 Numerical assessment of the rheological model for blood flowing in an inclined plane
5.7 Discussion
5.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6 Experimental analysis of blood flow in vessels with pathological conditions
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Methodology
6.2.1 Overview of experimental table
6.2.2 lDV principle
6.3 Laser head
6.4 Plasma tube
6.5 Power supply
6.6 Multi-colour beam splitter
6.7 Fiber optic transmitter probe
6.8 Photo detector module
6.9 FSA signal processor
6.10 Down-mixer.
6.11 Burst acquisition system
6.12 Photo multiplier tube voltage
6.13 Burst threshold
6.14 SNR and downmixing frequency
6.15 Noise in LDV
6.16 Test bench of blood vessel
6.17 Result
6.17.1 Analysis of stenosis influence length
6.18 Uncertainty analysis
6.18.1 Shifted frequency of reflected light at the receiver (fr)
6.19 Conclusion
References
Chapter 7 Biomaterials for a synthetic and tissue engineered blood vessel
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Blood-biomaterial interaction
7.3 Synthetic polymer
7.4 Natural polymer
7.5 Decellularized matrix
7.6 Hybrid material
7.7 Assessment of practical use of a vascular graft
7.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 8 3D printing technology, bioink, fabrication technique of blood vessel and system used for cell culturing
8.1 Introduction
8.2 3D printing technology for tissue engineering
8.2.1 Fused deposition modelling (FDM)
8.2.2 Selective laser sintering: the laser based
8.2.3 Stereolithography
8.2.4 Laser metal deposition
8.2.5 Digital laser processing
8.2.6 Jet-based bioprinting technology
8.2.7 Inkjet printing
8.2.8 Micro-valve printing
8.2.9 Acoustic printing
8.2.10 Laser-assisted printing
8.2.11 Electrospun
8.2.12 Electrohydrodynamic jet printing
8.3 Bio-ink/Biomaterial
8.3.1 Criteria for selection of biomaterial
8.3.2 Types of biomaterials
8.4 Blood vessel formation using a 3D printer
8.4.1 Anatomy of a blood vessel
8.4.2 Self-assembly approach
8.4.3 Extrusion-based 3D printing system with rotatory printing device
8.4.4 Drop and demand method
8.4.5 Hydrogel bio-printed micro-channel
8.4.6 Laser-based 3D bioprinting of a blood vessel
8.4.7 Embedded bioprinting for vascular engineering
8.5 Importance of bioreactors
8.6 Conclusion
References.
Chapter 9 Blood flow evaluation in different circulatory systems
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Methodology
9.3 Results and discussions
9.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 10 Fabrication techniques of artificial blood vessels
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Cell types used for blood vessel regeneration
10.3 Techniques for the regeneration of blood vessels
10.3.1 Scaffold-free technology
10.3.2 Freeze drying
10.3.3 Decellularized vascular graft
10.4 Bioprinting technique
10.5 Electrospinning
10.6 Hybrid scaffold fabrication technique
10.7 Characterization of an artificial blood vessel
10.8 Mechanical properties of an artificially fabricated blood vessel by different techniques
10.9 Conclusion
References
Chapter 11 Bioreactors for tissue engineered blood vessels
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Properties of a bioreactor
11.3 Blood vessel bioreactors
11.3.1 Pulsatile perfusion bioreactor
11.3.2 Biaxial bioreactor
11.3.3 VascuTrainer bioreactor
11.3.4 Perfusion bioreactor with longitudinal stretch
11.3.5 Pulsatile flow bioreactors
11.3.6 Bioreactor with cyclic strain
11.3.7 Multi-cue bioreactor
11.4 Bioreactors specifically designed for tissue engineered heart valves
11.4.1 Cardiac valve bioreactor
11.4.2 Pulsatile bioreactors for cardiac valves
11.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 12 An artificial blood vessel and its controlling aspects-I
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Formation of blood vessels in the human body
12.3 New capillaries formed from sprouting
12.4 Angiogenesis controlling factors
12.5 Functions of blood vessels
12.6 Biological control of blood vessel structure and its effects on various physiological parameters
12.7 Need for artificial blood vessels
12.7.1 Buerger's disease
12.7.2 Peripheral venous disease and varicose veins.
12.7.3 Raynaud's disease or Raynaud's syndrome
12.8 Development of artificial blood vessels through tissue engineering
12.9 Vascular tissue regeneration
12.9.1 Decellularized matrices based scaffolds
12.9.2 Scaffolds from natural polymers
12.9.3 Scaffolds from biodegradable synthetic polymers
12.9.4 Synthetic and natural scaffolds
12.9.5 Hybrid scaffolds from synthetic and natural polymers
12.9.6 TEVGs without scaffolds
12.10 Selection of biomaterials and design parameters
12.11 Biomaterials preferred for preparing vascular grafts
12.11.1 Synthetic nondegradable polymers (ePTFE, dacron and polyurethanes)
12.11.2 Polymer functionalization
12.11.3 Degradable scaffolds
12.11.4 Biopolymers
12.11.5 Nanocomposites
12.11.6 Alternative tissue sources
12.12 Controlling factors and functional requirements in blood vessel tissue engineering
12.12.1 Mechanical requirements
12.12.2 Biological requirements
12.13 Vascular grafts and their main applications
References and further reading
Chapter 13 Control aspects of the circulatory system
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Passive control system of circulatory system
13.2.1 The ventricles
13.2.2 The atria
13.2.3 The systemic and pulmonary vessels
13.3 Neural and humoral control system
13.3.1 Baroreceptor reflexes
13.3.2 Input-output relationship of the baroreceptor
13.4 Transformation of afferent baroreceptor signals into heart rate
13.4.1 Control of cardiac contractility
13.4.2 Sympathetic control of fluid resistance of systematic arterioles
13.4.3 Control of systemic venous volume
13.4.4 Model of cardiovascular control loop
13.5 Behaviour of the controlled cardiovascular system
13.5.1 Cardiac rhythm caused by the LV assist pump
13.5.2 Animal experiment
13.5.3 Role of circulatory system in LV by-pass surgery.
13.6 Cardiovascular circulatory system and assist pump model.