Linked e-resources
Details
Table of Contents
Intro
Preface
Acknowledgements
Author biography
Robert M Bunch
Chapter 1 Introduction to optical systems
1.1 What is a system?
1.2 Technical systems design
1.3 Optical systems design
1.4 Modeling input and output system functions
1.4.1 Coordinate geometry and notation
1.4.2 Light measurements
1.4.3 Fourier series and periodic functions
1.4.4 Discrete input and output functions
1.4.5 Special functions and their combinations
1.4.6 Fourier transform and operators
Exercises and problems
References
Chapter 2 Ray optics and optical system parameters
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Rays
2.3 Refractive index and optical path length
2.4 The law of refraction and the law of reflection
2.5 Optical surfaces, curvature, and sign convention
2.6 Image formation
2.6.1 Image formation by spherical refracting surfaces
2.6.2 Image formation by thin lenses
2.6.3 Image formation by planar surfaces
2.6.4 Image formation by spherical reflecting surfaces
2.7 Analysis methods in paraxial optics
2.7.1 YNU ray tracing
2.7.2 Matrix methods in paraxial optics
2.8 First-order optical system design
2.8.1 Thin lens imaging systems
2.8.2 Thick lenses and cardinal points
2.8.3 Stops, apertures, and pupils
2.8.4 Depth of field and depth of focus
2.8.5 Detector array limitations on systems
2.9 Issues in assembling optical systems
2.9.1 Picking off-the-shelf lenses for designs
2.9.2 Beam deviations by plates and prisms
2.9.3 Component placement errors
2.9.4 Mounting errors
2.10 Application: optical fiber numerical aperture
Exercises and problems
References
Chapter 3 Wave optics and light propagation
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Light as a wave
3.2.1 Harmonic waves, plane waves, spherical waves
3.2.2 Light flux and the Poynting vector.
3.2.3 Wave superposition and interference
3.3 Coherence
3.3.1 Temporal coherence
3.3.2 Spatial coherence
3.4 Light waves in material media
3.4.1 Waves in conducting media, absorption
3.4.2 Dispersion theory-modeling the optical properties of materials
3.4.3 Optical properties of gases
3.4.4 Optical properties of metals
3.4.5 Optical properties of dense dielectrics
3.5 Light interaction with surfaces
3.5.1 Single surface reflection, refraction, and transmission
3.5.2 Fresnel equations
3.5.3 Coatings on surfaces and thin film interference
3.5.4 Reflectance from multilayer films
3.6 Polarization
3.6.1 Jones vectors
3.6.2 Natural light and polarizing mechanisms
3.6.3 Jones matrices
3.7 Applications: refractive index measurements using wave optics
3.7.1 Refractive index of air using interferometry
3.7.2 Refractive index of glass from polarized reflectance measurements
Exercises and problems
References
Chapter 4 Photon optics and sources of photons
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Basic properties of photons
4.3 Photon statistics
4.3.1 Photon flux and photon numbers
4.3.2 Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)
4.3.3 Statistical distribution functions
4.4 Thermal sources and blackbody radiation
4.5 Photon interactions with atoms, molecules, and solids
4.5.1 Photoelectric effect
4.5.2 Band structure of solids-review
4.5.3 Introduction to the p-n junction
4.5.4 p-n junction in reverse and forward bias
4.6 Photonic devices: sources
4.6.1 Light emitting diode (LED)
4.6.2 Basics of laser operation
4.6.3 Laser diode
4.7 Application: determining laser diode threshold current
Exercises and problems
References
Chapter 5 Linear optics and optical system functions
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Linear optical systems basics.
5.2.1 One-dimensional systems properties
5.2.2 Impulse response function and point source model
5.2.3 Convolution and the convolution theorem
5.2.4 Coherent and incoherent imaging system functions
5.3 Diffraction
5.3.1 Fresnel diffraction integral and system function of space
5.3.2 Spherical phase wavefronts
5.3.3 Quadratic phase function
5.3.4 Fraunhofer diffraction
5.3.5 Interference-system view
5.4 Fourier optics
5.4.1 Phase transformation function of a lens
5.4.2 Coherent imaging
5.4.3 Incoherent imaging
5.4.4 Pupil function and resolution limits
5.4.5 Pupil function and the imaging system response function
5.4.6 Amplitude transfer function or coherent transfer function
5.4.7 Example: ATF of a square pupil
5.4.8 Optical transfer function or incoherent transfer function
5.4.9 Example: OTF of a square pupil
5.4.10 Circular pupil function
5.4.11 Relationships between response functions and transfer functions
5.5 Application: experimental determination of MTF
Exercises and problems
References
Chapter 6 Radiometry, photometry, and color
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Solid angle and geometrical concepts
6.3 Radiometric quantities and definitions
6.3.1 Point source radiometry
6.3.2 Extended sources
6.3.3 Conservation of radiance and radiative transfer
6.4 Lambertian sources and surfaces model
6.4.1 Intensity of a Lambertian source and Lambert's law
6.4.2 Radiant exitance of a Lambertian source
6.4.3 Irradiance from a disk Lambertian source
6.5 Radiation transmission and reflection
6.5.1 Angular intensity representations
6.5.2 Reflected radiation from surfaces
6.5.3 Transmitted radiation through materials
6.6 Spectral radiometry
6.7 Human eye
6.7.1 Anatomy of the human eye
6.7.2 Image formation by the eye.
6.7.3 Detection of light by the retina
6.7.4 Optical illusions
6.8 Photometry
6.9 Color and color measurement
6.9.1 Additive and subtractive color
6.9.2 CIE 1931 color spaces and chromaticity diagram
6.9.3 Color models based on a color gamut
6.10 Application: measuring light flux-the integrating sphere
6.11 Application: source-to-fiber coupling
Exercises and problems
References
Chapter 7 Detectors and noise
7.1 Introduction to detection
7.2 Detector response functions
7.2.1 Detector response and responsivity
7.2.2 Frequency response and bandwidth
7.3 Thermal detectors
7.3.1 Modeling the thermal detection process
7.3.2 Types of thermal detectors
7.4 Photon detectors and the photoconductor model
7.5 Noise in the detection system
7.5.1 Photon noise and Schottky's formula
7.5.2 Detector noise mechanisms
7.5.3 Detection metrics and figures of merit
7.6 Photoemissive detectors
7.6.1 Vacuum photodiode or phototube
7.6.2 Photomultiplier tube
7.6.3 Microchannel plate
7.7 Semiconductor detectors
7.8 p-n junction detectors
7.8.1 Modeling the p-n junction detection process
7.8.2 Photodiode materials and p-n photodiode structure
7.8.3 Other photodiode structures
7.8.4 Photodiode circuits
7.8.5 Phototransistors
7.8.6 Sectored and multi-element detectors
7.9 Array detectors and cameras
7.9.1 Characteristics of array detector image data and collection
7.9.2 CCD and CMOS array basics
7.9.3 Camera specifications and settings
7.9.4 Digital color cameras
7.10 Application: detector responsivity and linearity
Exercises and problems
References
Chapter 8 Beam formation, modulation, and scanning
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Beams for illumination
8.2.1 Collimated beams
8.2.2 Koehler illumination
8.2.3 Illumination with reflectors.
8.3 Gaussian beams
8.3.1 Gaussian beam irradiance
8.3.2 Gaussian beam properties
8.3.3 Gaussian beam propagation
8.4 Beam scanning
8.4.1 Scanning resolution
8.4.2 Objective, pre-objective, and post-objective scanning
8.4.3 Rotating and vibrating reflector scanning
8.5 Beam modulation
8.5.1 Directly modulating a source
8.5.2 Beam choppers
8.5.3 Electro-optic modulators
8.5.4 Magneto-optic modulators
8.5.5 Acousto-optic modulators
8.6 Application: optical fiber proximity sensor
8.7 Application: modulating a diode laser for detector frequency response measurement
Exercises and problems
References
Chapter
Definitions of selected special functions in one dimension
Definitions of selected two-dimensional special functions
Fourier transform properties for one-dimensional functions
Definitions
General properties of functions and their Fourier transform
Table of Fourier transform pairs of selected functions
Properties of the quadratic phase function, Q(x, y
d)
Spectral luminous efficiency functions
1931 2° color matching functions.
Preface
Acknowledgements
Author biography
Robert M Bunch
Chapter 1 Introduction to optical systems
1.1 What is a system?
1.2 Technical systems design
1.3 Optical systems design
1.4 Modeling input and output system functions
1.4.1 Coordinate geometry and notation
1.4.2 Light measurements
1.4.3 Fourier series and periodic functions
1.4.4 Discrete input and output functions
1.4.5 Special functions and their combinations
1.4.6 Fourier transform and operators
Exercises and problems
References
Chapter 2 Ray optics and optical system parameters
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Rays
2.3 Refractive index and optical path length
2.4 The law of refraction and the law of reflection
2.5 Optical surfaces, curvature, and sign convention
2.6 Image formation
2.6.1 Image formation by spherical refracting surfaces
2.6.2 Image formation by thin lenses
2.6.3 Image formation by planar surfaces
2.6.4 Image formation by spherical reflecting surfaces
2.7 Analysis methods in paraxial optics
2.7.1 YNU ray tracing
2.7.2 Matrix methods in paraxial optics
2.8 First-order optical system design
2.8.1 Thin lens imaging systems
2.8.2 Thick lenses and cardinal points
2.8.3 Stops, apertures, and pupils
2.8.4 Depth of field and depth of focus
2.8.5 Detector array limitations on systems
2.9 Issues in assembling optical systems
2.9.1 Picking off-the-shelf lenses for designs
2.9.2 Beam deviations by plates and prisms
2.9.3 Component placement errors
2.9.4 Mounting errors
2.10 Application: optical fiber numerical aperture
Exercises and problems
References
Chapter 3 Wave optics and light propagation
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Light as a wave
3.2.1 Harmonic waves, plane waves, spherical waves
3.2.2 Light flux and the Poynting vector.
3.2.3 Wave superposition and interference
3.3 Coherence
3.3.1 Temporal coherence
3.3.2 Spatial coherence
3.4 Light waves in material media
3.4.1 Waves in conducting media, absorption
3.4.2 Dispersion theory-modeling the optical properties of materials
3.4.3 Optical properties of gases
3.4.4 Optical properties of metals
3.4.5 Optical properties of dense dielectrics
3.5 Light interaction with surfaces
3.5.1 Single surface reflection, refraction, and transmission
3.5.2 Fresnel equations
3.5.3 Coatings on surfaces and thin film interference
3.5.4 Reflectance from multilayer films
3.6 Polarization
3.6.1 Jones vectors
3.6.2 Natural light and polarizing mechanisms
3.6.3 Jones matrices
3.7 Applications: refractive index measurements using wave optics
3.7.1 Refractive index of air using interferometry
3.7.2 Refractive index of glass from polarized reflectance measurements
Exercises and problems
References
Chapter 4 Photon optics and sources of photons
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Basic properties of photons
4.3 Photon statistics
4.3.1 Photon flux and photon numbers
4.3.2 Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)
4.3.3 Statistical distribution functions
4.4 Thermal sources and blackbody radiation
4.5 Photon interactions with atoms, molecules, and solids
4.5.1 Photoelectric effect
4.5.2 Band structure of solids-review
4.5.3 Introduction to the p-n junction
4.5.4 p-n junction in reverse and forward bias
4.6 Photonic devices: sources
4.6.1 Light emitting diode (LED)
4.6.2 Basics of laser operation
4.6.3 Laser diode
4.7 Application: determining laser diode threshold current
Exercises and problems
References
Chapter 5 Linear optics and optical system functions
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Linear optical systems basics.
5.2.1 One-dimensional systems properties
5.2.2 Impulse response function and point source model
5.2.3 Convolution and the convolution theorem
5.2.4 Coherent and incoherent imaging system functions
5.3 Diffraction
5.3.1 Fresnel diffraction integral and system function of space
5.3.2 Spherical phase wavefronts
5.3.3 Quadratic phase function
5.3.4 Fraunhofer diffraction
5.3.5 Interference-system view
5.4 Fourier optics
5.4.1 Phase transformation function of a lens
5.4.2 Coherent imaging
5.4.3 Incoherent imaging
5.4.4 Pupil function and resolution limits
5.4.5 Pupil function and the imaging system response function
5.4.6 Amplitude transfer function or coherent transfer function
5.4.7 Example: ATF of a square pupil
5.4.8 Optical transfer function or incoherent transfer function
5.4.9 Example: OTF of a square pupil
5.4.10 Circular pupil function
5.4.11 Relationships between response functions and transfer functions
5.5 Application: experimental determination of MTF
Exercises and problems
References
Chapter 6 Radiometry, photometry, and color
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Solid angle and geometrical concepts
6.3 Radiometric quantities and definitions
6.3.1 Point source radiometry
6.3.2 Extended sources
6.3.3 Conservation of radiance and radiative transfer
6.4 Lambertian sources and surfaces model
6.4.1 Intensity of a Lambertian source and Lambert's law
6.4.2 Radiant exitance of a Lambertian source
6.4.3 Irradiance from a disk Lambertian source
6.5 Radiation transmission and reflection
6.5.1 Angular intensity representations
6.5.2 Reflected radiation from surfaces
6.5.3 Transmitted radiation through materials
6.6 Spectral radiometry
6.7 Human eye
6.7.1 Anatomy of the human eye
6.7.2 Image formation by the eye.
6.7.3 Detection of light by the retina
6.7.4 Optical illusions
6.8 Photometry
6.9 Color and color measurement
6.9.1 Additive and subtractive color
6.9.2 CIE 1931 color spaces and chromaticity diagram
6.9.3 Color models based on a color gamut
6.10 Application: measuring light flux-the integrating sphere
6.11 Application: source-to-fiber coupling
Exercises and problems
References
Chapter 7 Detectors and noise
7.1 Introduction to detection
7.2 Detector response functions
7.2.1 Detector response and responsivity
7.2.2 Frequency response and bandwidth
7.3 Thermal detectors
7.3.1 Modeling the thermal detection process
7.3.2 Types of thermal detectors
7.4 Photon detectors and the photoconductor model
7.5 Noise in the detection system
7.5.1 Photon noise and Schottky's formula
7.5.2 Detector noise mechanisms
7.5.3 Detection metrics and figures of merit
7.6 Photoemissive detectors
7.6.1 Vacuum photodiode or phototube
7.6.2 Photomultiplier tube
7.6.3 Microchannel plate
7.7 Semiconductor detectors
7.8 p-n junction detectors
7.8.1 Modeling the p-n junction detection process
7.8.2 Photodiode materials and p-n photodiode structure
7.8.3 Other photodiode structures
7.8.4 Photodiode circuits
7.8.5 Phototransistors
7.8.6 Sectored and multi-element detectors
7.9 Array detectors and cameras
7.9.1 Characteristics of array detector image data and collection
7.9.2 CCD and CMOS array basics
7.9.3 Camera specifications and settings
7.9.4 Digital color cameras
7.10 Application: detector responsivity and linearity
Exercises and problems
References
Chapter 8 Beam formation, modulation, and scanning
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Beams for illumination
8.2.1 Collimated beams
8.2.2 Koehler illumination
8.2.3 Illumination with reflectors.
8.3 Gaussian beams
8.3.1 Gaussian beam irradiance
8.3.2 Gaussian beam properties
8.3.3 Gaussian beam propagation
8.4 Beam scanning
8.4.1 Scanning resolution
8.4.2 Objective, pre-objective, and post-objective scanning
8.4.3 Rotating and vibrating reflector scanning
8.5 Beam modulation
8.5.1 Directly modulating a source
8.5.2 Beam choppers
8.5.3 Electro-optic modulators
8.5.4 Magneto-optic modulators
8.5.5 Acousto-optic modulators
8.6 Application: optical fiber proximity sensor
8.7 Application: modulating a diode laser for detector frequency response measurement
Exercises and problems
References
Chapter
Definitions of selected special functions in one dimension
Definitions of selected two-dimensional special functions
Fourier transform properties for one-dimensional functions
Definitions
General properties of functions and their Fourier transform
Table of Fourier transform pairs of selected functions
Properties of the quadratic phase function, Q(x, y
d)
Spectral luminous efficiency functions
1931 2° color matching functions.