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Table of Contents
Intro
Usage and Spelling
List of Maps
Map 1.1: A city river.
Map 2.1: The Picnic River: pleasure grounds, parks and golf courses to 1950.
Map 2.2: Locations of military sites along the Georges River.
Map 2.3: Mangrove expansion on Salt Pan Creek, 1930-86.
Map 3.1: County of Cumberland Plan section showing proposed green belt from Royal National Park to Georges River.
Map 3.2: Sewerage infrastructure, southern Sydney, 1961.
Map 4.1: Georges River National Park, 1961-67.
Map 5.1: Oyster farming areas in Georges River estuary, 1945-78.
Map 8.1: Locations of the five resident environmental campaigns discussed in the following chapters.
Map 9.1: Little Salt Pan Creek.
Map 10.1: Lugarno and the Moon bays.
Map 10.2: Mangrove expansion at Half Moon Bay.
Map 11.1: Lime Kiln Bay and neighbouring waterways.
Map 11.2: Mangrove expansion at Lime Kiln Bay.
Map 12.1: Oatley Bay, Renown and Poulton creeks.
Map 13.1: Towra Point and Botany Bay.
Map 15.1: Saving Lime Kiln Bay.
List of Figures
Figure 1.1: Within a Georges River mangrove stand, low tide.
Figure 1.2: Mangrove pneumatophores, the upright roots allow the plant to bring in oxygen.
Figure 1.3: Georges River saltmarsh at Mill Creek (Guragurang), 2009.
Figure 1.4: Looking downwards, showing inundated roots of saltmarsh.
Figure 1.5: Georges River seagrasses: Zostera capricorni (foreground) and Posidonia australis (at rear).
Figure 2.1: The 1920s entrance to East Hills Park.
Figure 2.2: Swimmers and picnics at East Hills Park, c. 1920s.
Figure 2.3: Rowboat picnic group at East Hills Park, c. 1920s.
Figure 2.4: Sunday school picnics at East Hills Park, c. 1920s.
Figure 2.5: Buses at East Hills Park, c. 1920s.
Figure 2.6: Refreshments at East Hills Park, c. 1920s.
Figure 2.7: Parkesvale, 1906.
Figure 2.8: Hollywood Park on Prospect Creek, north of Milperra, c. 1920s.
Figure 2.9: The Vale of Ah Park, c. 1920s.
Figure 2.10: Lambeth Street Wharf Pleasure Grounds, c. 1920s.
Figure 2.11: Lessons at the Oatley Pleasure Grounds pool, 1928.
Figure 2.12: Flying fox at Cuttings Pleasure Ground on Salt Pan Creek, c. 1920s.
Figure 2.13: Younger members of Anderson family, Salt Pan Creek, 1925.
Figure 2.14: Bocce at Horsley Park, 1952.
Figure 2.15: Panorama view of Holsworthy military camp and training ground, 1914-18.
Figure 2.16: German internees in 1916 on pick and shovel work.
Figure 2.17: National servicemen march past at their passing out parade at Holsworthy, 1954.
Figure 3.1: Levingston family golf course, undated c. 1940.
Figure 3.2: Herne Bay Military Hospital, 1944.
Figure 3.3: 1945 poster for the coming County of Cumberland Plan, showing the inner city as crowded and polluted - and dangerous.
Figure 3.4: Clothes lines at rear of flats, Herne Bay hostel, June 1946.
Figure 3.5: 'Wet Day at the Herne Bay Hostel', 1950.
Figure 3.6: Herne Bay hostel nursery school, 1947.
Figure 4.1: Family picnic at the old East Hills Park, 1920s.
Figure 4.2: Esme Clisby, Eileen Birch, Joy Cornwell, East Hills activist reunion 2006.
Figure 4.3: Eileen Stills, Carol Jacobsen, Alf Stills, Alan Parnell, East Hills activist reunion 2006.
Figure 4.4: Alf Stills, East Hills activist reunion 2006.
Figure 4.5: Eileen Stills, East Hills activist reunion 2006.
Figure 4.6: George Jacobsen with his racing dogs, in the backyard of his East Hills home, undated c. 1960.
Figure 4.7: Sally Smith with her children, Janny, John and Judy, 1963, soon after moving from the Herne Bay hostel to Green Valley.
Figure 5.1: Gwawley Bay oyster farming workers in 1958.
Figure 5.2: Oyster farmers Reg and Ken Humbley and Norm Pilgrim, Woolooware Bay, 1966.
Figure 5.3: Cover image, Australian Fisheries Newsletter, July 1966.
Figure 6.1: 'Georges River is POISONED', Propeller, 26 September 1963, front page.
Figure 7.1: An unidentified Sydney municipal rubbish tip.
Figure 7.2: The impact of 'reclamation', seen here at Homebush Bay on the Parramatta River, c. 1950s.
Figure 7.3: Duck Creek, Granville, 1939, 'reclamation' to turn creek into playing field.
Figure 7.4: Goal posts erected after swamp 'clearance'.
Figure 7.5: Aerial photograph of Kelso Swamp, 1 May 1951, showing extent of the wetlands in that year.
Figure 7.6: Aerial photograph of remains of Kelso Swamp, 1 January 1970.
Figure 8.1: Bill White, Vietnam War conscientious objector.
Figure 8.2: Green bans banner, carried by Builders Labourers' Federation activists, Bob Pringle (left) and Jack Mundey (right) in the 1973 May Day March.
Figure 9.1: Padstow Heights residents, Mrs J. Pethyridge and daughter, 1973, showing mangrove views.
Figure 10.1: Speedboats on the Georges River.
Figure 10.2: Dr Don Francois, first director of New South Wales Fisheries.
Figure 10.3: Aerial photograph of the Moon bays and Lugarno, 1 January 1970.
Figure 10.4: Recent aerial photograph, looking from Illawong in the lower foreground towards Botany Bay and the coast.
Figure 11.1: Ruth Staples at Thredbo, 1966.
Figure 11.2: Lime Kiln Bay Preservation Committee founding activists Ruth Staples and Dave and Tricia Koffel.
Figure 11.3: LKBPC election flyer: 'Don't Rubbish Our Bush', September 1974.
Figure 11.4: 'Oatley is Our Suburb', David Thorp election flyer, September 1974.
Figure 12.1: Save Poulton Park Campaign Committee stickers.
Figure 12.2: Cover, Bad Luck, Dead Duck: The Report of INSPECT 1970, by Roger Gifford and Peter Ellyard.
Figure 12.3: Boat trip, organised by Evol Knight, allowing oyster farmers and Poulton Creek campaigners to view river problems together.
Figure 13.1: Bernie Clarke in 1975 demonstrating how dredging was damaging the foreshore of the 'important estuaries of south Botany Bay'.
Figure 13.2: Bernie Clarke with migratory wading birds at Towra Point in 1990.
Figure 13.3: Bernie Clarke showing Towra Point mangroves to local primary school students, 1989.
Figure 15.1: Ruth Staples, bank regenerator, 2009.
Figure 15.2: Australia Day, Burrawang Reach, Georges River National Park, 2005.
Figure 15.3: The Towra team in 2005.
Figure 15.4: Mangrove sunrise, Cabbage Tree Bay.
Abbreviations
Acknowledgements
Preface
Part I: Introducing the Picnic River
1. A City River and its Bush
2. The Picnic River: Pleasure Grounds and Waste Lands
Part II: Initial Shock
3. Hope, Fear and Planning
4. A Tale of Two National Parks
Part III: Death of the Picnic River
5. Outlooks and Oysters
6. Sewers, Sociality and Mangrove Swamps
7. Garbage: 'Reclamations' and Casualties
Part IV: The 'Mangrovites' Fight Back
8. Change and the Picnic River
9. View from the Heights: Little Salt Pan Creek
10. Fishers, Boats and Dredges: Great Moon Bay
11. Politics, Picnics and Playing Fields: Lime Kiln Bay
12. Mud, 'Mangrovites' and Oatley Bay
13. Atoms and Airports: Towra Point
Part V: Conclusions
14. Reflections, 1945-80
15. Afterword: Disasters, Regenerations and Ambiguities
Bibliography
Index.
Usage and Spelling
List of Maps
Map 1.1: A city river.
Map 2.1: The Picnic River: pleasure grounds, parks and golf courses to 1950.
Map 2.2: Locations of military sites along the Georges River.
Map 2.3: Mangrove expansion on Salt Pan Creek, 1930-86.
Map 3.1: County of Cumberland Plan section showing proposed green belt from Royal National Park to Georges River.
Map 3.2: Sewerage infrastructure, southern Sydney, 1961.
Map 4.1: Georges River National Park, 1961-67.
Map 5.1: Oyster farming areas in Georges River estuary, 1945-78.
Map 8.1: Locations of the five resident environmental campaigns discussed in the following chapters.
Map 9.1: Little Salt Pan Creek.
Map 10.1: Lugarno and the Moon bays.
Map 10.2: Mangrove expansion at Half Moon Bay.
Map 11.1: Lime Kiln Bay and neighbouring waterways.
Map 11.2: Mangrove expansion at Lime Kiln Bay.
Map 12.1: Oatley Bay, Renown and Poulton creeks.
Map 13.1: Towra Point and Botany Bay.
Map 15.1: Saving Lime Kiln Bay.
List of Figures
Figure 1.1: Within a Georges River mangrove stand, low tide.
Figure 1.2: Mangrove pneumatophores, the upright roots allow the plant to bring in oxygen.
Figure 1.3: Georges River saltmarsh at Mill Creek (Guragurang), 2009.
Figure 1.4: Looking downwards, showing inundated roots of saltmarsh.
Figure 1.5: Georges River seagrasses: Zostera capricorni (foreground) and Posidonia australis (at rear).
Figure 2.1: The 1920s entrance to East Hills Park.
Figure 2.2: Swimmers and picnics at East Hills Park, c. 1920s.
Figure 2.3: Rowboat picnic group at East Hills Park, c. 1920s.
Figure 2.4: Sunday school picnics at East Hills Park, c. 1920s.
Figure 2.5: Buses at East Hills Park, c. 1920s.
Figure 2.6: Refreshments at East Hills Park, c. 1920s.
Figure 2.7: Parkesvale, 1906.
Figure 2.8: Hollywood Park on Prospect Creek, north of Milperra, c. 1920s.
Figure 2.9: The Vale of Ah Park, c. 1920s.
Figure 2.10: Lambeth Street Wharf Pleasure Grounds, c. 1920s.
Figure 2.11: Lessons at the Oatley Pleasure Grounds pool, 1928.
Figure 2.12: Flying fox at Cuttings Pleasure Ground on Salt Pan Creek, c. 1920s.
Figure 2.13: Younger members of Anderson family, Salt Pan Creek, 1925.
Figure 2.14: Bocce at Horsley Park, 1952.
Figure 2.15: Panorama view of Holsworthy military camp and training ground, 1914-18.
Figure 2.16: German internees in 1916 on pick and shovel work.
Figure 2.17: National servicemen march past at their passing out parade at Holsworthy, 1954.
Figure 3.1: Levingston family golf course, undated c. 1940.
Figure 3.2: Herne Bay Military Hospital, 1944.
Figure 3.3: 1945 poster for the coming County of Cumberland Plan, showing the inner city as crowded and polluted - and dangerous.
Figure 3.4: Clothes lines at rear of flats, Herne Bay hostel, June 1946.
Figure 3.5: 'Wet Day at the Herne Bay Hostel', 1950.
Figure 3.6: Herne Bay hostel nursery school, 1947.
Figure 4.1: Family picnic at the old East Hills Park, 1920s.
Figure 4.2: Esme Clisby, Eileen Birch, Joy Cornwell, East Hills activist reunion 2006.
Figure 4.3: Eileen Stills, Carol Jacobsen, Alf Stills, Alan Parnell, East Hills activist reunion 2006.
Figure 4.4: Alf Stills, East Hills activist reunion 2006.
Figure 4.5: Eileen Stills, East Hills activist reunion 2006.
Figure 4.6: George Jacobsen with his racing dogs, in the backyard of his East Hills home, undated c. 1960.
Figure 4.7: Sally Smith with her children, Janny, John and Judy, 1963, soon after moving from the Herne Bay hostel to Green Valley.
Figure 5.1: Gwawley Bay oyster farming workers in 1958.
Figure 5.2: Oyster farmers Reg and Ken Humbley and Norm Pilgrim, Woolooware Bay, 1966.
Figure 5.3: Cover image, Australian Fisheries Newsletter, July 1966.
Figure 6.1: 'Georges River is POISONED', Propeller, 26 September 1963, front page.
Figure 7.1: An unidentified Sydney municipal rubbish tip.
Figure 7.2: The impact of 'reclamation', seen here at Homebush Bay on the Parramatta River, c. 1950s.
Figure 7.3: Duck Creek, Granville, 1939, 'reclamation' to turn creek into playing field.
Figure 7.4: Goal posts erected after swamp 'clearance'.
Figure 7.5: Aerial photograph of Kelso Swamp, 1 May 1951, showing extent of the wetlands in that year.
Figure 7.6: Aerial photograph of remains of Kelso Swamp, 1 January 1970.
Figure 8.1: Bill White, Vietnam War conscientious objector.
Figure 8.2: Green bans banner, carried by Builders Labourers' Federation activists, Bob Pringle (left) and Jack Mundey (right) in the 1973 May Day March.
Figure 9.1: Padstow Heights residents, Mrs J. Pethyridge and daughter, 1973, showing mangrove views.
Figure 10.1: Speedboats on the Georges River.
Figure 10.2: Dr Don Francois, first director of New South Wales Fisheries.
Figure 10.3: Aerial photograph of the Moon bays and Lugarno, 1 January 1970.
Figure 10.4: Recent aerial photograph, looking from Illawong in the lower foreground towards Botany Bay and the coast.
Figure 11.1: Ruth Staples at Thredbo, 1966.
Figure 11.2: Lime Kiln Bay Preservation Committee founding activists Ruth Staples and Dave and Tricia Koffel.
Figure 11.3: LKBPC election flyer: 'Don't Rubbish Our Bush', September 1974.
Figure 11.4: 'Oatley is Our Suburb', David Thorp election flyer, September 1974.
Figure 12.1: Save Poulton Park Campaign Committee stickers.
Figure 12.2: Cover, Bad Luck, Dead Duck: The Report of INSPECT 1970, by Roger Gifford and Peter Ellyard.
Figure 12.3: Boat trip, organised by Evol Knight, allowing oyster farmers and Poulton Creek campaigners to view river problems together.
Figure 13.1: Bernie Clarke in 1975 demonstrating how dredging was damaging the foreshore of the 'important estuaries of south Botany Bay'.
Figure 13.2: Bernie Clarke with migratory wading birds at Towra Point in 1990.
Figure 13.3: Bernie Clarke showing Towra Point mangroves to local primary school students, 1989.
Figure 15.1: Ruth Staples, bank regenerator, 2009.
Figure 15.2: Australia Day, Burrawang Reach, Georges River National Park, 2005.
Figure 15.3: The Towra team in 2005.
Figure 15.4: Mangrove sunrise, Cabbage Tree Bay.
Abbreviations
Acknowledgements
Preface
Part I: Introducing the Picnic River
1. A City River and its Bush
2. The Picnic River: Pleasure Grounds and Waste Lands
Part II: Initial Shock
3. Hope, Fear and Planning
4. A Tale of Two National Parks
Part III: Death of the Picnic River
5. Outlooks and Oysters
6. Sewers, Sociality and Mangrove Swamps
7. Garbage: 'Reclamations' and Casualties
Part IV: The 'Mangrovites' Fight Back
8. Change and the Picnic River
9. View from the Heights: Little Salt Pan Creek
10. Fishers, Boats and Dredges: Great Moon Bay
11. Politics, Picnics and Playing Fields: Lime Kiln Bay
12. Mud, 'Mangrovites' and Oatley Bay
13. Atoms and Airports: Towra Point
Part V: Conclusions
14. Reflections, 1945-80
15. Afterword: Disasters, Regenerations and Ambiguities
Bibliography
Index.