Intro
Acknowledgements
Preface
Introduction
1.1 What Is Finite Element Analysis?
1.2 What Is the Place of Finite Element Analysis Among Other Tools of Computer-Aided Engineering?
1.3 Fields of Application of FEA and Mechanism Analysis
Differences Between Structures and Mechanisms
1.4 Fields of Application of FEA and CFD
1.5 What Is "FEA for Design Engineers"?
1.6 Importance of Hands-On Exercises
From CAD Model to Results of Finite Element Analysis
2.1 Formulation of the Mathematical Model
2.2 Selecting Numerical Method to Solve the Mathematical Model
2.2.1 Selected Numerical Methods in Computer Aided Engineering
2.2.2 Reasons for the Dominance of Finite Element Method
2.3 The Finite Element Model
2.3.1 Meshing
2.3.2 Formulation of Finite-Element Equations
2.3.3 Errors in FEA Results
2.4 Verification and Validation of FEA Results
Fundamental Concepts of Finite Element Analysis
3.1 Formulation of a Finite Element
3.1.1 Closer Look at Finite Element
3.1.2 Requirements to be Satisfied by Displacement Interpolation Functions
3.1.3 Artificial Restraints
3.2 The Choice of Discretization
3.3 Types of Finite Elements
3.3.1 Element Dimensionality
3.3.2 Element Shape
3.3.3 Element Order and Element Type
3.3.4 Summary of Commonly Used Elements
3.3.5 Element Modeling Capabilities
Controlling Discretization Errors
4.1 Presenting Stress Results
4.2 Types of Convergence Process
4.2.1 h Convergence by Global Mesh Refinement
4.2.2 h Convergence Process by Local Mesh Refinement
4.2.3 Adaptive h Convergence Process
4.2.4 p Convergence Process
4.2.5 The Choice of Convergence Process
4.3 Discretization Error
4.3.1 Convergence Error
4.3.2 Solution Error
4.4 Problems With Convergence
4.4.1 Stress Singularity.

4.4.2 Displacement Singularity
4.5 Hands-On Exercises
4.5.1 Hollow Plate (Figure 4.33)
4.5.2 L Bracket (Figure 4.34)
4.5.3 2D Beam (Figure 4.35)
Finite Element Mesh
5.1 Meshing Techniques
5.1.1 Manual Meshing
5.1.2 Semiautomatic Meshing
5.1.3 Automeshing
5.2 Mesh Compatibility
5.2.1 Compatible Elements
5.2.2 Incompatible Elements
5.2.3 Forced Compatibility
5.3 Common Meshing Problems
5.3.1 Element Distortion
5.3.2 Mesh Adequacy
5.3.3 Element Mapping to Geometry
5.3.4 Incorrect Conversion to Shell Model
5.4 Hands-On Exercises
5.4.1 BRACKET01 (Figure 5.24)
5.4.2 Cantilever Beam (Figure 5.25)
Modeling Process
6.1 Modeling Steps
6.1.1 Definition of the Objective of Analysis
6.1.2 Selection of the Units of Measurement
6.1.3 Geometry Preparation
6.1.4 Definition of Material Properties
6.1.5 Definition of Boundary Conditions
6.2 Modeling Techniques
6.2.1 Mirror Symmetry and Antisymmetry Boundary Conditions
6.2.2 Axial Symmetry
6.2.3 Cyclic Symmetry
6.2.4 Realignment of Degrees of Freedom
6.3 Hands-On Exercises
6.3.1 BRACKET02-1 (Figure 6.14)
6.3.2 BRACKET02-2 (Figure 6.15)
6.3.3 BRACKET02-3 (Figure 6.16)
6.3.4 Shaft (Figure 6.17)
6.3.5 Pressure Tank (Figure 6.18)
6.3.6 RING (Figure 6.19)
6.3.7 Link (Figure 6.20)
Nonlinear Geometry Analysis
7.1 Classification of Different Types of Nonlinearities
7.2 Large Displacement Analysis
7.3 Membrane Stress Stiffening
7.4 Contact
7.5 Hands-On Exercises
7.5.1 Cantilever Beam (Figure 7.1)
7.5.2 Torsion Shaft (Figure 7.7)
7.5.3 Round Plate (Figure 7.12)
7.5.4 LINK (Figure 7.17)
7.5.5 Sliding Support (Figure 7.18)
7.5.6 CLAMP01 (Figure 7.21)
7.5.7 CLAMP02 (Figure 7.26)
7.5.8 Shrink Fit (Figure 7.27)
Nonlinear Material Analysis.

8.1 Review of Nonlinear Material Models
8.2 Elastic-Perfectly Plastic Material Model
8.3 Use of Nonlinear Material to Control Stress Singularity
8.4 Other Types of Nonlinearities
8.5 Hands-On Exercises
8.5.1 BRACKET NL (Figure 8.3)
8.5.2 L BRACKET (Figure 8.7)
Modal Analysis
9.1 Differences Between Modal and Static Analysis
9.2 Interpretation of Displacement and Stress Results in Modal Analysis
9.3 Modal Analysis With Rigid Body Modes
9.4 Importance of Supports in Modal Analysis
9.5 Applications of Modal Analysis
9.5.1 Finding Modal Frequencies and Associated Shapes of Vibration
9.5.2 Locating "Weak Spots" in Structure
9.5.3 Modal Analysis Provides Input to Vibration Analysis
9.6 Prestress Modal Analysis
9.7 Symmetry and Antisymmetry Boundary Conditions in Modal Analysis
9.8 Convergence of Modal Frequencies
9.9 Meshing Consideration for Modal Analysis
9.10 Hands-On Exercises
9.10.1 Tuning Fork (Figure 9.12)
9.10.2 Box (Figure 9.1)
9.10.3 Airplane (Figure 9.2)
9.10.4 Ball (Figure 9.4)
9.10.5 Link (Figure 9.5)
9.10.6 Helicopter Blade (Figure 9.7)
9.10.7 Column (Figure 9.8)
9.10.8 Bracket (Figure 9.10)
Buckling Analysis
10.1 Linear Buckling Analysis
10.2 Convergence of Results in Linear Buckling Analysis
10.3 Nonlinear Buckling Analysis
10.4 Summary
10.5 Hands-On Exercises
10.5.1 Notched Column-Free End (Figure 10.1)
10.5.2 Notched Column-Sliding End (Figure 10.2)
10.5.3 Button (Figure 10.11)
10.5.4 Curved Column (Figure 10.15)
10.5.5 Stand (Figure 10.16)
10.5.6 CURVED_SHEET (Figure 10.17)
Vibration Analysis
11.1 Modal Superposition Method
11.2 Time Response Analysis
11.3 Frequency Response Analysis
11.4 Nonlinear vibration analysis
11.5 Hands-On Exercises
11.5.1 Hammer Impulse Load (Figure 11.2).

11.5.2 Hammer Beating (Figure 11.2)
11.5.3 ELBOW_PIPE (Figure 11.7)
11.5.4 Centrifuge (Figure 11.10)
11.5.5 PLANK (Figure 11.13)
Thermal Analysis
12.1 Heat Transfer Induced by Prescribed Temperatures
12.2 Heat Transfer Induced by Heat Power and Convection
12.3 Heat Transfer by Radiation
12.4 Modeling Considerations in Thermal Analysis
12.5 Challenges in Thermal Analysis
12.6 Hand-On Exercises
12.6.1 Bracket (Figure 12.1)
12.6.2 Heat Sink (Figure 12.2)
12.6.3 Channel (Figure 12.4)
12.6.4 Space Heater (Figure 12.6)
Implementation of Finite Element Analysis in the Design Process
13.1 Differences Between CAD and FEA Geometry
13.1.1 Defeaturing
13.1.2 Idealization
13.1.3 Cleanup
13.2 Common Meshing Problems
13.3. Mesh Inadequacy
13.4 Integration of CAD and FEA Software
13.4.1 Stand-Alone FEA Software
13.4.2 FEA Programs Integrated With CAD
13.4.3 Computer-Aided Engineering Programs
13.5 FEA Implementation
13.5.1 Positioning of CAD and FEA Activities
13.5.2 Personnel Training
13.5.3 FEA Program Selection
13.5.4 Hardware Selection
13.5.5 Building Confidence in the FEA
13.5.6 Return-On Investment
13.6 FEA Project
13.6.1 Major Steps in FEA Project
13.6.2 FEA Report
13.6.3 Importance of Documentation and Backups
13.6.4 Contracting Out FEA Services
13.6.5 Common Errors in the FEA Management
Misconceptions and Frequently Asked Questions
14.1 FEA Quiz
14.2 Frequently Asked Questions
FEA Resources
References
Glossary of Terms
About the Author
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Chapter 12.