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Handbook of Antennas for EMC Second Edition
Contents
Preface
Chapter 1 Introduction to Antennas
1.1 Requirements of an Antenna for EMC
1.1.1 Types of Antennas
1.2 Main Characteristics of an Antenna
1.2.1 Radiation Resistance
1.2.2 Radiation Pattern
1.2.3 Main Lobe
1.2.4 Sidelobe
1.2.5 Front-to-Back Ratio
1.2.6 Bandwidth
1.2.7 Aperture Size
1.2.8 Antenna Correction Factors
1.2.9 Polarization
1.2.10 Relationships Between the Key Parameters
References
Chapter 2 Basic Math for EMC Engineers
2.1 Angles
2.1.1 Convention for Angles
2.2 Basic Trigonometry
2.2.1 Reciprocal Trigonometric Functions
2.2.2 Inverse Trigonometric Functions
2.3 Powers, Indices, and Logarithms
2.3.1 Multiplication of Numbers
2.3.2 Relationship Between dBm and dBmV
2.4 Real and Complex Numbers
2.4.1 Addition of Complex Numbers
2.4.2 Complex Conjugate
2.5 Scalars and Vectors
2.5.1 Position Vector
2.5.2 Vector Addition and Subtraction
2.5.3 Vector Multiplication
2.5.4 Phasors
2.6 Fourier Analysis and Transforms
2.6.1 Fourier Analysis
2.6.2 Fourier Transforms
2.7 Parameters
2.7.1 Mathematical Definition of Parameters
2.8 Fundamental Units and Dimensions
2.8.1 Checking Formulas by Dimensions
Chapter 3 Antenna Theory
3.1 Unit Vectors
3.2 Scalar and Vector Fields
3.2.1 Spatial Rates of Change of Scalar and Vector Fields
3.2.2 Gradient of a Scalar Field
3.2.3 Divergence of a Vector Field
3.2.4 Curl of a Vector
3.3 Maxwell's Equations
3.3.1 Maxwell's First Equation
3.3.2 Maxwell's Second Equation
3.3.3 Maxwell's third equation
3.3.4 Maxwell's Fourth Equation
3.4 Boundary Conditions
3.4.1 Tangential Component of the Electric Field
3.4.2 Tangential Component of the Magnetic Field.
3.4.3 Normal Component of the Electric Field
3.4.4 Normal Component of the Magnetic Field
3.5 Fields Due to a Radiating Dipole
3.5.1 Field Due to a Current Element
3.5.2 Fields at Large Distances from Wire Antennas
3.6 Power Flux Density for a Plane Wave
3.7 Wave Impedance for a Plane Wave
3.8 Radiation Resistance
3.9 Far Field of Antennas
3.9.1 Far Field for Wire Antennas
3.9.2 Far Field for Aperture Antennas
References
Chapter 4 Antennas for Frequencies Below 1 MHz
4.1 Mechanism of Radiation
4.2 Near and Far Fields of Antennas
4.3 Wave Impedance
4.4 Difference Between Receiving and Transmitting Antennas
4.5 Small Antennas
4.6. Baluns
4.7 Radiation Power Factor
4.7.1 Operating Efficiency
4.8 Matching Antennas
4.9 Effective Length and Effective Height
4.9.1 Effective Length
4.9.2 Effective Height
4.10 E-Field Antennas
4.10.1 Small Dipole
4.10.2 Short Monopoles
4.10.3 Ground Plane Dependence
4.10.4 Top-Loaded Monopoles
4.10.5 Parallel Element E-Field Generator
4.11 H-Field Antennas
4.11.1 Helmholtz Coils
4.11.2 Small Magnetic Loops
4.11.3 Single-Turn Shielded Loops
4.11.4 Simple Multiturn Loop Probe
References
Chapter 5 Antennas for Frequencies Between 1 MHz and 1 GHz
5.1 Resonant Monopoles
5.2 Discone Antenna
5.3 Cavitenna
5.4 Resonant and Large Dipoles
5.5 Folded Dipoles
5.6 Triangular Dipoles
5.7 Biconical Antennas
5.8 Yagi-Uda Antenna
5.9 Frequency-Independent Antennas
5.10 Log Periodic Antenna
5.11 BiLog®
5.12 Helical Antennas
5.13 Large and Resonant Loops
5.14 Double-Ridged Horn
References
Selected Bibliography
Chapter 6 Antennas for Frequencies Above 1 GHz
6.1 Frequency-Independent Antennas
6.2 Band Theory
6.3 Log Spiral
6.3.1 Modes of Radiation.
6.3.2 Rotation of Radiation Pattern with Frequency
6.3.3 Planar Log Spiral
6.3.4 Slot Planar Log Spiral
6.3.5 Cavity-Backed Spiral
6.3.6 Conical Log Spiral
6.4 Archimedes Spiral
6.4.1 Cavity-Backed Archimedean Spiral
6.5 Microstrip Planar Spiral
6.6 Discone Antenna
6.7 Double-Ridged Horns
6.7.1 Waveguide Theory
6.7.2 Modes in Square and Rectangular Waveguides
6.7.3 Double-Ridged Waveguides
6.7.4 Double-Ridged Waveguide Horns
References
Selected Bibliography
Chapter 7 Calibration of Antennas
7.1 Gain
7.1.1 Measurement of Gain
7.1.2 Purcell's Method
7.1.3 Two-Antenna Method
7.1.4 Three-Antenna Method
7.2 Calculation of Gain
7.2.1 E-Plane Sectoral Horn
7.2.2 H-Plane Sectoral Horn
7.2.3 Gain of a Pyramidal Horn
7.3 Example
7.3.1 Accurate Method
7.3.2 Semi-Accurate Method
7.3.3 Approximate Method
7.4 Antenna Correction Factor
References
Chapter 8 Introduction to Electromagnetic Compatibility Measurements
8.1 Radiated Emissions
8.1.1 Differential and Common Mode Radiation
8.1.2 Measurement of Radiated Emissions
8.1.3 Classes of Computer Equipment
8.1.4 Measuring Radiated EMI
8.2 Radiated Susceptibility and Immunity
8.2.1 Immunity to Radiated Electric Field Strength
8.2.2 Immunity to Conducted Radiated Interference
8.2.3 Magnetic Field Immunity
8.2.4 Immunity to Electrical Fast Transients
8.2.5 Immunity to Electrostatic Discharges
8.3 Conducted Emissions and Immunity
8.3.1 Immunity to Conducted Common- and Differential-Mode Voltages
8.4 Shielding Effectiveness of Solid Materials
8.4.1 Reflection Loss
8.4.2 Absorption Loss
8.4.3 Multiple Reflection Loss
8.4.4 Total Shielding Effectiveness
8.5 Measuring Shielding Effectiveness
8.5.1 Magnetic or H-Mode SE Measurements.
8.5.2 Electric or E-Mode SE Measurements
8.5.3 Plane Wave SE Measurements
8.5.4 Ventilation Holes
8.6 Electrostatic Discharge
8.6.1 ESD Spectrum
8.6.2 Direct and Indirect ESD
8.6.3 ESD Models
8.6.4 Testing for ESD Susceptibility
8.7 Instrumentation
8.7.1 Measuring Receivers
8.7.2 Spectrum Analyzers
References
Selected Bibliography
Chapter 9 Theory and Applications of Measurement Sites and Enclosures
Appendix A List of Acronyms and Abbreviations
9.1 TEM Waves
9.1.1 Power Flux Density
9.1.2 Wave Impedance
9.1.3 TEM Transmission Lines
9.2 TEM Cells
9.2.1 Parallel Stripline Cells
9.2.2 Circular Coaxial TEM Cells
9.2.3 Rectangular and Square TEM Cells
9.3 Modes in Circular Waveguides
9.3.1 Cut-Off Waveguide Ventilation Panels
9.4 Resonant Cavities
9.4.1 Degeneracy
9.4.2 Mode Stirrers
9.5 Shielded Rooms
9.5.1 Unlined Shielded or Screened Rooms
9.5.2 Absorber-Lined Chambers
9.5.3 Anechoic Chambers
9.6 Open Area Test Sites
9.6.1 Free-Space OATS
9.7 Reverberation Chamber
9.7.1 Reverberation Chamber Requirements of EN 61000-4-21
9.7.2 Validation Procedure
9.7.3 Testing an EUT
9.7.4 Immunity Testing
9.8 Radiated Emissions
9.8.1 Free-Space Field
References
Appendix A
Appendix B Preferred Scientific Prefixes
Appendix C List of Scientific Constants
Appendix D Conductivities of Common Metals
Appendix E Dielectric Constants and Loss Tangents of Common Materials
Appendix F Conversion Table for dBμV to μV, dBV, dBW, dBm, and Watts
Appendix G The Electromagnetic Spectrum
Appendix H Frequency Band Designations
Appendix I Conversion Between Gain in dB and Gain as a Linear Ratio Gain in dBi to Linear Gain
Appendix J The Periodic Table Listed Alphabetically by Chemical Symbol.
Appendix K Magnetic Permeabilities of Common Metals
Appendix L Polarization Matching Matrix
Appendix M Resistivities of Common Materials
Appendix N Radio Frequency Protection Guides For Nonionising Radiation
Appendix O List of Symbols
About the Author
Index.
Contents
Preface
Chapter 1 Introduction to Antennas
1.1 Requirements of an Antenna for EMC
1.1.1 Types of Antennas
1.2 Main Characteristics of an Antenna
1.2.1 Radiation Resistance
1.2.2 Radiation Pattern
1.2.3 Main Lobe
1.2.4 Sidelobe
1.2.5 Front-to-Back Ratio
1.2.6 Bandwidth
1.2.7 Aperture Size
1.2.8 Antenna Correction Factors
1.2.9 Polarization
1.2.10 Relationships Between the Key Parameters
References
Chapter 2 Basic Math for EMC Engineers
2.1 Angles
2.1.1 Convention for Angles
2.2 Basic Trigonometry
2.2.1 Reciprocal Trigonometric Functions
2.2.2 Inverse Trigonometric Functions
2.3 Powers, Indices, and Logarithms
2.3.1 Multiplication of Numbers
2.3.2 Relationship Between dBm and dBmV
2.4 Real and Complex Numbers
2.4.1 Addition of Complex Numbers
2.4.2 Complex Conjugate
2.5 Scalars and Vectors
2.5.1 Position Vector
2.5.2 Vector Addition and Subtraction
2.5.3 Vector Multiplication
2.5.4 Phasors
2.6 Fourier Analysis and Transforms
2.6.1 Fourier Analysis
2.6.2 Fourier Transforms
2.7 Parameters
2.7.1 Mathematical Definition of Parameters
2.8 Fundamental Units and Dimensions
2.8.1 Checking Formulas by Dimensions
Chapter 3 Antenna Theory
3.1 Unit Vectors
3.2 Scalar and Vector Fields
3.2.1 Spatial Rates of Change of Scalar and Vector Fields
3.2.2 Gradient of a Scalar Field
3.2.3 Divergence of a Vector Field
3.2.4 Curl of a Vector
3.3 Maxwell's Equations
3.3.1 Maxwell's First Equation
3.3.2 Maxwell's Second Equation
3.3.3 Maxwell's third equation
3.3.4 Maxwell's Fourth Equation
3.4 Boundary Conditions
3.4.1 Tangential Component of the Electric Field
3.4.2 Tangential Component of the Magnetic Field.
3.4.3 Normal Component of the Electric Field
3.4.4 Normal Component of the Magnetic Field
3.5 Fields Due to a Radiating Dipole
3.5.1 Field Due to a Current Element
3.5.2 Fields at Large Distances from Wire Antennas
3.6 Power Flux Density for a Plane Wave
3.7 Wave Impedance for a Plane Wave
3.8 Radiation Resistance
3.9 Far Field of Antennas
3.9.1 Far Field for Wire Antennas
3.9.2 Far Field for Aperture Antennas
References
Chapter 4 Antennas for Frequencies Below 1 MHz
4.1 Mechanism of Radiation
4.2 Near and Far Fields of Antennas
4.3 Wave Impedance
4.4 Difference Between Receiving and Transmitting Antennas
4.5 Small Antennas
4.6. Baluns
4.7 Radiation Power Factor
4.7.1 Operating Efficiency
4.8 Matching Antennas
4.9 Effective Length and Effective Height
4.9.1 Effective Length
4.9.2 Effective Height
4.10 E-Field Antennas
4.10.1 Small Dipole
4.10.2 Short Monopoles
4.10.3 Ground Plane Dependence
4.10.4 Top-Loaded Monopoles
4.10.5 Parallel Element E-Field Generator
4.11 H-Field Antennas
4.11.1 Helmholtz Coils
4.11.2 Small Magnetic Loops
4.11.3 Single-Turn Shielded Loops
4.11.4 Simple Multiturn Loop Probe
References
Chapter 5 Antennas for Frequencies Between 1 MHz and 1 GHz
5.1 Resonant Monopoles
5.2 Discone Antenna
5.3 Cavitenna
5.4 Resonant and Large Dipoles
5.5 Folded Dipoles
5.6 Triangular Dipoles
5.7 Biconical Antennas
5.8 Yagi-Uda Antenna
5.9 Frequency-Independent Antennas
5.10 Log Periodic Antenna
5.11 BiLog®
5.12 Helical Antennas
5.13 Large and Resonant Loops
5.14 Double-Ridged Horn
References
Selected Bibliography
Chapter 6 Antennas for Frequencies Above 1 GHz
6.1 Frequency-Independent Antennas
6.2 Band Theory
6.3 Log Spiral
6.3.1 Modes of Radiation.
6.3.2 Rotation of Radiation Pattern with Frequency
6.3.3 Planar Log Spiral
6.3.4 Slot Planar Log Spiral
6.3.5 Cavity-Backed Spiral
6.3.6 Conical Log Spiral
6.4 Archimedes Spiral
6.4.1 Cavity-Backed Archimedean Spiral
6.5 Microstrip Planar Spiral
6.6 Discone Antenna
6.7 Double-Ridged Horns
6.7.1 Waveguide Theory
6.7.2 Modes in Square and Rectangular Waveguides
6.7.3 Double-Ridged Waveguides
6.7.4 Double-Ridged Waveguide Horns
References
Selected Bibliography
Chapter 7 Calibration of Antennas
7.1 Gain
7.1.1 Measurement of Gain
7.1.2 Purcell's Method
7.1.3 Two-Antenna Method
7.1.4 Three-Antenna Method
7.2 Calculation of Gain
7.2.1 E-Plane Sectoral Horn
7.2.2 H-Plane Sectoral Horn
7.2.3 Gain of a Pyramidal Horn
7.3 Example
7.3.1 Accurate Method
7.3.2 Semi-Accurate Method
7.3.3 Approximate Method
7.4 Antenna Correction Factor
References
Chapter 8 Introduction to Electromagnetic Compatibility Measurements
8.1 Radiated Emissions
8.1.1 Differential and Common Mode Radiation
8.1.2 Measurement of Radiated Emissions
8.1.3 Classes of Computer Equipment
8.1.4 Measuring Radiated EMI
8.2 Radiated Susceptibility and Immunity
8.2.1 Immunity to Radiated Electric Field Strength
8.2.2 Immunity to Conducted Radiated Interference
8.2.3 Magnetic Field Immunity
8.2.4 Immunity to Electrical Fast Transients
8.2.5 Immunity to Electrostatic Discharges
8.3 Conducted Emissions and Immunity
8.3.1 Immunity to Conducted Common- and Differential-Mode Voltages
8.4 Shielding Effectiveness of Solid Materials
8.4.1 Reflection Loss
8.4.2 Absorption Loss
8.4.3 Multiple Reflection Loss
8.4.4 Total Shielding Effectiveness
8.5 Measuring Shielding Effectiveness
8.5.1 Magnetic or H-Mode SE Measurements.
8.5.2 Electric or E-Mode SE Measurements
8.5.3 Plane Wave SE Measurements
8.5.4 Ventilation Holes
8.6 Electrostatic Discharge
8.6.1 ESD Spectrum
8.6.2 Direct and Indirect ESD
8.6.3 ESD Models
8.6.4 Testing for ESD Susceptibility
8.7 Instrumentation
8.7.1 Measuring Receivers
8.7.2 Spectrum Analyzers
References
Selected Bibliography
Chapter 9 Theory and Applications of Measurement Sites and Enclosures
Appendix A List of Acronyms and Abbreviations
9.1 TEM Waves
9.1.1 Power Flux Density
9.1.2 Wave Impedance
9.1.3 TEM Transmission Lines
9.2 TEM Cells
9.2.1 Parallel Stripline Cells
9.2.2 Circular Coaxial TEM Cells
9.2.3 Rectangular and Square TEM Cells
9.3 Modes in Circular Waveguides
9.3.1 Cut-Off Waveguide Ventilation Panels
9.4 Resonant Cavities
9.4.1 Degeneracy
9.4.2 Mode Stirrers
9.5 Shielded Rooms
9.5.1 Unlined Shielded or Screened Rooms
9.5.2 Absorber-Lined Chambers
9.5.3 Anechoic Chambers
9.6 Open Area Test Sites
9.6.1 Free-Space OATS
9.7 Reverberation Chamber
9.7.1 Reverberation Chamber Requirements of EN 61000-4-21
9.7.2 Validation Procedure
9.7.3 Testing an EUT
9.7.4 Immunity Testing
9.8 Radiated Emissions
9.8.1 Free-Space Field
References
Appendix A
Appendix B Preferred Scientific Prefixes
Appendix C List of Scientific Constants
Appendix D Conductivities of Common Metals
Appendix E Dielectric Constants and Loss Tangents of Common Materials
Appendix F Conversion Table for dBμV to μV, dBV, dBW, dBm, and Watts
Appendix G The Electromagnetic Spectrum
Appendix H Frequency Band Designations
Appendix I Conversion Between Gain in dB and Gain as a Linear Ratio Gain in dBi to Linear Gain
Appendix J The Periodic Table Listed Alphabetically by Chemical Symbol.
Appendix K Magnetic Permeabilities of Common Metals
Appendix L Polarization Matching Matrix
Appendix M Resistivities of Common Materials
Appendix N Radio Frequency Protection Guides For Nonionising Radiation
Appendix O List of Symbols
About the Author
Index.