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Table of Contents
Intro
Preface
Acknowledgment
Editors&
#x02019
biographies
Tarikul Islam
Subhas Chandra Mukhopadhyay
Boby George
List of contributors
Chapter 1 A review on flexible sensors for soft robotics
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Important characteristics required for soft robotics sensors
1.3 Sensing techniques employed to develop soft robotic sensors
1.3.1 Magnetic sensors
1.3.2 Inductive sensors
1.3.3 Capacitive sensors
1.3.4 Strain gauge/resistance-based sensors
1.3.5 Eddy current sensors
1.3.6 Optical sensors
1.4 Interfacing circuits and associated measurement systems
1.5 Comparison of different sensing techniques
1.6 Challenges and future directions
References
Chapter 2 Recent advances in laser-induced graphene (LIG)-based flexible electronic devices
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Characterization techniques
2.2 LIG fabrication
2.2.1 LIG chemical modification
2.3 LIG in electronic devices
2.3.1 LIG-based miniaturized fuel cells
2.3.2 LIG-based miniaturized energy-storage devices
2.3.3 LIG heaters
2.3.4 LIG sensors
2.4 LIG in wearable and smart devices
2.5 Conclusion and future outlook
References
Chapter 3 Printable flexible sensors for hydration monitoring and moisture measurement in concrete structures
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Hydration and its monitoring using flexible sensors
3.2.1 Ultrasonic technique
3.2.2 Hydration monitoring by temperature measurement
3.3 Hydration of concrete using transformer principle
3.4 Determination of the response parameters of concrete
3.4.1 Fringing field flexible capacitive sensors for hydration monitoring
3.5 Flexible sensors for moisture measurement in concrete
3.5.1 Fringing field capacitive sensors for concrete moisture measurement
3.5.2 Theory of the proposed method.
3.5.3 Modeling of the sensor
3.5.4 Experimental moisture measurement results in cement slab
3.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 4 Resistive sensor interface
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Auto-balancing interface circuits
4.2.1 Circuit architecture and operation
4.2.2 Circuit analysis
4.2.3 Prototype design and experimental results
4.2.4 Experimental result with sensor
4.2.5 Discussion
4.3 Auto-balancing interface for resistive sensor array
4.3.1 Circuit architecture and operation
4.3.2 Circuit analysis
4.3.3 Prototype design and experimental results
4.3.4 Experimental measurement with a silicon nanowire array
4.3.5 Discussion
4.3.6 Summary
4.4 Conclusion and industrial aspects
4.5 Future of sensing technology
References
Chapter 5 Interfacing circuit for capacitive sensors
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Capacitive sensors: basic principles
5.2.1 Variable gap type
5.2.2 Variable area type
5.2.3 Variable dielectric type
5.2.4 Differential configuration
5.3 Sensor interfacing techniques
5.3.1 Capacitance-to-frequency converter
5.3.2 Continuous-time interface
5.3.3 Discrete-time interface
5.3.4 Chopper stabilization
5.3.5 Auto-zeroing (AZ) technique
5.3.6 Correlated double-sampling
5.4 Capacitance-to-digital converters
5.4.1 Dual-slope CDC
5.4.2 Succesive approximation register type
5.4.3 Sigma delta modulator-type
5.5 Sensor mismatch cancellation
5.5.1 Capacitance array
5.5.2 Voltage-mode charge balance method
5.5.3 Auto-cancellation of sensor mismatch
5.6 Case study: integrated capacitance measurement system
5.6.1 Circuit components
5.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6 Interface electronics and conditioning circuits for triboelectric flexible sensors
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Characteristics of triboelectric sensors.
6.3 Block structure of interface electronics
6.3.1 Preamplifier
6.3.2 Filtering
6.4 Design examples of analog front-end
6.5 Case study: circuitry for a grating-patterned triboelectric human-machine interface
6.5.1 Design and working mechanism of a triboelectric sensor
6.5.2 Signal-conditioning circuit
6.5.3 Design of the printed circuit board
6.5.4 Experimental results
6.6 Summary
References
Chapter 7 Flexible interfacing circuits for wearable sensors and wireless communication
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Wearable sensors and interfacing circuits
7.2.1 Non-self-powered sensors and interfacing circuits
7.2.2 Chemical sensors and interfacing circuits
7.2.3 Self-powered systems and interfacing circuits
7.3 Interfacing circuits for wireless communication
7.4 Conclusion and future perspective
References
Chapter 8 Compact and efficient wireless power and information transfer systems for IoT sensors and implants
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Examples from the literature
8.3 Figure-8 inductor
8.3.1 Structure of a figure-8 inductor
8.3.2 Self-inductance of the figure-8 inductor
8.3.3 Losses of the figure-8 inductor
8.3.4 Mutual inductance between two figure-8 inductors
8.3.5 Cross-coupling with DGS inductor
8.4 System design and discussions
8.4.1 System layout
8.4.2 Fabrication
8.4.3 Measurement category 1: S-parameters
8.4.4 Measurement category 2: misalignment
8.4.5 Measurement category 3: simultaneous wireless power and information transfer
8.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 9 Analysis and design considerations of relaxation-oscillator-based flexible sensor circuits
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Relaxation-oscillator-based circuits
9.2.1 Conventional relaxation-oscillator-based interface
9.2.2 Analysis for time period T.
9.2.3 Conventional relaxation-oscillator-based interface for bridge sensors
9.2.4 Relaxation oscillator circuits for leaky capacitive sensors
9.2.5 Relaxation oscillator circuit for differential capacitive sensors
9.3 Performance analysis with component non-idealities
9.4 Design criteria
References
Chapter 10 Sensor tags for wireless body-centric communication: challenges and opportunities
10.1 Introduction
10.1.1 Antenna design
10.1.2 Conformability of body-worn antenna
10.1.3 Communication through multiple textile layers
10.2 Existing challenges
10.3 Some solutions
10.3.1 Electromagnetic-band-gap-incorporated antenna design
10.3.2 Determination of effective dielectric constant
10.3.3 Conformability analysis of conformal electromagnetic band gap surfaces
10.4 Compact electromagnetic-band-gap-based antenna for smartwatch applications
10.4.1 Introduction to electromagnetic band gaps
10.4.2 Lumped-element circuit model
10.4.3 Interdigital electrodes unit cell
10.4.4 Array performance enhancement
10.4.5 Determination of effective dielectric constant
10.4.6 Conformal electromagnetic band gap surfaces
References
Chapter 11 The role of capacitive sensors for condition monitoring of transformer insulation
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Literature review
11.3 Development of a capacitive sensor for condition assessment of an oil-immersed power transformer's insulation
11.3.1 Materials required for the fabrication of the 2-FAL sensor
11.3.2 Process of fabrication
11.3.3 Experimental setup
11.4 Electrical equivalent model of the developed sensor
11.4.1 Electrical equivalent circuit of the sensor
11.4.2 Relation between the sensor's capacitance and the concentration of 2-FAL
11.5 Performance of the sensor
11.5.1 Response of the sensor at different frequencies.
11.5.2 Response of the sensor with time
11.5.3 Calibration of the sensor response
11.5.4 Statistical analysis
11.5.5 Repeatability and drift study of the sensor response
11.6 Modification of the sensor's structure to improve its sensitivity in detecting 2-FAL concentrations in transformer oil
11.7 Performance evaluation of the comb sensor
11.7.1 Response of the comb sensor at different frequencies
11.7.2 Response of the comb sensor with time
11.7.3 Calibration of the comb sensor response
11.7.4 Repeatability of the comb sensor response
11.8 Conclusion
References.
Preface
Acknowledgment
Editors&
#x02019
biographies
Tarikul Islam
Subhas Chandra Mukhopadhyay
Boby George
List of contributors
Chapter 1 A review on flexible sensors for soft robotics
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Important characteristics required for soft robotics sensors
1.3 Sensing techniques employed to develop soft robotic sensors
1.3.1 Magnetic sensors
1.3.2 Inductive sensors
1.3.3 Capacitive sensors
1.3.4 Strain gauge/resistance-based sensors
1.3.5 Eddy current sensors
1.3.6 Optical sensors
1.4 Interfacing circuits and associated measurement systems
1.5 Comparison of different sensing techniques
1.6 Challenges and future directions
References
Chapter 2 Recent advances in laser-induced graphene (LIG)-based flexible electronic devices
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Characterization techniques
2.2 LIG fabrication
2.2.1 LIG chemical modification
2.3 LIG in electronic devices
2.3.1 LIG-based miniaturized fuel cells
2.3.2 LIG-based miniaturized energy-storage devices
2.3.3 LIG heaters
2.3.4 LIG sensors
2.4 LIG in wearable and smart devices
2.5 Conclusion and future outlook
References
Chapter 3 Printable flexible sensors for hydration monitoring and moisture measurement in concrete structures
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Hydration and its monitoring using flexible sensors
3.2.1 Ultrasonic technique
3.2.2 Hydration monitoring by temperature measurement
3.3 Hydration of concrete using transformer principle
3.4 Determination of the response parameters of concrete
3.4.1 Fringing field flexible capacitive sensors for hydration monitoring
3.5 Flexible sensors for moisture measurement in concrete
3.5.1 Fringing field capacitive sensors for concrete moisture measurement
3.5.2 Theory of the proposed method.
3.5.3 Modeling of the sensor
3.5.4 Experimental moisture measurement results in cement slab
3.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 4 Resistive sensor interface
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Auto-balancing interface circuits
4.2.1 Circuit architecture and operation
4.2.2 Circuit analysis
4.2.3 Prototype design and experimental results
4.2.4 Experimental result with sensor
4.2.5 Discussion
4.3 Auto-balancing interface for resistive sensor array
4.3.1 Circuit architecture and operation
4.3.2 Circuit analysis
4.3.3 Prototype design and experimental results
4.3.4 Experimental measurement with a silicon nanowire array
4.3.5 Discussion
4.3.6 Summary
4.4 Conclusion and industrial aspects
4.5 Future of sensing technology
References
Chapter 5 Interfacing circuit for capacitive sensors
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Capacitive sensors: basic principles
5.2.1 Variable gap type
5.2.2 Variable area type
5.2.3 Variable dielectric type
5.2.4 Differential configuration
5.3 Sensor interfacing techniques
5.3.1 Capacitance-to-frequency converter
5.3.2 Continuous-time interface
5.3.3 Discrete-time interface
5.3.4 Chopper stabilization
5.3.5 Auto-zeroing (AZ) technique
5.3.6 Correlated double-sampling
5.4 Capacitance-to-digital converters
5.4.1 Dual-slope CDC
5.4.2 Succesive approximation register type
5.4.3 Sigma delta modulator-type
5.5 Sensor mismatch cancellation
5.5.1 Capacitance array
5.5.2 Voltage-mode charge balance method
5.5.3 Auto-cancellation of sensor mismatch
5.6 Case study: integrated capacitance measurement system
5.6.1 Circuit components
5.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6 Interface electronics and conditioning circuits for triboelectric flexible sensors
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Characteristics of triboelectric sensors.
6.3 Block structure of interface electronics
6.3.1 Preamplifier
6.3.2 Filtering
6.4 Design examples of analog front-end
6.5 Case study: circuitry for a grating-patterned triboelectric human-machine interface
6.5.1 Design and working mechanism of a triboelectric sensor
6.5.2 Signal-conditioning circuit
6.5.3 Design of the printed circuit board
6.5.4 Experimental results
6.6 Summary
References
Chapter 7 Flexible interfacing circuits for wearable sensors and wireless communication
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Wearable sensors and interfacing circuits
7.2.1 Non-self-powered sensors and interfacing circuits
7.2.2 Chemical sensors and interfacing circuits
7.2.3 Self-powered systems and interfacing circuits
7.3 Interfacing circuits for wireless communication
7.4 Conclusion and future perspective
References
Chapter 8 Compact and efficient wireless power and information transfer systems for IoT sensors and implants
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Examples from the literature
8.3 Figure-8 inductor
8.3.1 Structure of a figure-8 inductor
8.3.2 Self-inductance of the figure-8 inductor
8.3.3 Losses of the figure-8 inductor
8.3.4 Mutual inductance between two figure-8 inductors
8.3.5 Cross-coupling with DGS inductor
8.4 System design and discussions
8.4.1 System layout
8.4.2 Fabrication
8.4.3 Measurement category 1: S-parameters
8.4.4 Measurement category 2: misalignment
8.4.5 Measurement category 3: simultaneous wireless power and information transfer
8.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 9 Analysis and design considerations of relaxation-oscillator-based flexible sensor circuits
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Relaxation-oscillator-based circuits
9.2.1 Conventional relaxation-oscillator-based interface
9.2.2 Analysis for time period T.
9.2.3 Conventional relaxation-oscillator-based interface for bridge sensors
9.2.4 Relaxation oscillator circuits for leaky capacitive sensors
9.2.5 Relaxation oscillator circuit for differential capacitive sensors
9.3 Performance analysis with component non-idealities
9.4 Design criteria
References
Chapter 10 Sensor tags for wireless body-centric communication: challenges and opportunities
10.1 Introduction
10.1.1 Antenna design
10.1.2 Conformability of body-worn antenna
10.1.3 Communication through multiple textile layers
10.2 Existing challenges
10.3 Some solutions
10.3.1 Electromagnetic-band-gap-incorporated antenna design
10.3.2 Determination of effective dielectric constant
10.3.3 Conformability analysis of conformal electromagnetic band gap surfaces
10.4 Compact electromagnetic-band-gap-based antenna for smartwatch applications
10.4.1 Introduction to electromagnetic band gaps
10.4.2 Lumped-element circuit model
10.4.3 Interdigital electrodes unit cell
10.4.4 Array performance enhancement
10.4.5 Determination of effective dielectric constant
10.4.6 Conformal electromagnetic band gap surfaces
References
Chapter 11 The role of capacitive sensors for condition monitoring of transformer insulation
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Literature review
11.3 Development of a capacitive sensor for condition assessment of an oil-immersed power transformer's insulation
11.3.1 Materials required for the fabrication of the 2-FAL sensor
11.3.2 Process of fabrication
11.3.3 Experimental setup
11.4 Electrical equivalent model of the developed sensor
11.4.1 Electrical equivalent circuit of the sensor
11.4.2 Relation between the sensor's capacitance and the concentration of 2-FAL
11.5 Performance of the sensor
11.5.1 Response of the sensor at different frequencies.
11.5.2 Response of the sensor with time
11.5.3 Calibration of the sensor response
11.5.4 Statistical analysis
11.5.5 Repeatability and drift study of the sensor response
11.6 Modification of the sensor's structure to improve its sensitivity in detecting 2-FAL concentrations in transformer oil
11.7 Performance evaluation of the comb sensor
11.7.1 Response of the comb sensor at different frequencies
11.7.2 Response of the comb sensor with time
11.7.3 Calibration of the comb sensor response
11.7.4 Repeatability of the comb sensor response
11.8 Conclusion
References.