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Intro
The 50th Anniversary Issue of Fish Physiology: Physiological Systems and Development
Copyright
Contents
Contributors
Preface
Chapter 1: The fish gill: Where fish physiology begins
References
Chapter 2: General anatomy of the gills**This is a reproduction of a previously published chapter in the Fish Physiology ...
I. Introduction
A. Relationship of Gills to Lungs
II. Development of Gills
A. Branchial Arches
B. Hyoid Arch
C. Pseudobranch
III. Gill Organization
A. Gill Septum
B. Filaments
C. Lamellae
1. Number
2. Shape
3. Support
IV. Modifications in Relation to Habit
A. Fast-Swimming Oceanic Species
B. Fishes of Intermediate Activity
C. Sluggish Fishes
D. Air Breathers
1. Air-Breathing Organs
2. The Gills
V. Gill Ventilation and Role of Branchial Muscles
A. Water Pumps
B. Ventilation of Air-Breathing ``Gills´´
VI. Gill Morphometry
A. Water and Blood Flow Dimensions
1. Resistances to Flow
2. Subdivision of Water and Blood Flows
B. Gas Exchange
1. Surface Area
2. Thickness
3. Diffusing Capacity
C. Scaling
1. Relationship of Gill Areas to Body Mass
2. Dimensional Analysis
VII. Conclusions
References
Chapter 3: The oldies are the goodies: 30 years on ``The Heart´´ still sets the pace
1. Introduction to ``The Heart´´
References
Chapter 4: The heart*
I. Introduction
II. Cardiac Anatomy and Morphology
A. Sinus Venosus
B. Atrium
C. Ventricle
1. Ventricle Form
2. Spongiosa and Compacta
3. Relative Ventricle Mass
D. Innervation Patterns
E. Myocytes
F. Conus and Bulbus Arteriosus
G. Coronary Circulation
III. Cardiac Physiology
A. Cardiac Cycle
1. Electrocardiogram
2. Contractility
3. Cardiac Stroke Work and Power Output
4. Efficiency of Cardiac Contraction.
B. Control of Stroke Volume
1. Frank-Starling Mechanism
2. Cardiac Filling
C. Control of Heart Rate
1. Intrinsic Heart Rate
2. Resting Heart Rate
3. Cholinergic Control of Heart Rate
4. Adrenergic Control
5. Mechanical Stretch of the Pacemaker Cells
6. Other Factors Affecting Heart Rate
7. Maximal Heart Rate
D. Cardiac Output
1. Measurement
2. Body Mass
3. Activity
4. Temperature
5. Acidosis
6. Hypoxia
E. Myocardial O2 Supply, and the Threshold Venous PO2
F. Control of Coronary Blood Flow
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 5: How the evolution of air-breathing shaped the form and function of the cardiorespira
1. Kjell Johansen's background and entry to the study of air-breathing fish
2. Studies of air-breathing fish at University of Sao Paulo
3. Lungfish studies with Claude Lenfant and Gordon Grigg on three continents
4. Air-breathing fish at Aarhus University
5. What are the next research question on air-breathing fish?
6. Kjell Johansens impact
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 6: Air breathing in fishes***This chapter was written while the author was supported by grants GB 7166 from the N ...
I. Occurrence and Bionomics of Air-Breathing Fishes
II. Nature of the Structural Adaptations for Air Breathing
A. Structural Derivatives of the Mouth and Pharynx as Air-Breathing Organs
B. Structural Adaptations of the Gastrointestinal Tract for Air Breathing
C. The Air Bladder as a Respiratory Organ
III. Physiological Adaptations in Air-Breathing Fishes
A. Respiratory Properties of Blood
B. Gas Exchange in Air-Breathing Fishes
C. Internal Gas Transport in Air-Breathing Fishes
D. Control of Breathing in Air-Breathing Fishes
E. Normal Breathing Behavior
F. Breathing Responses to Changes in External Gas Composition.
1. Changes of Environmental Oxygenation
2. Changes of Environmental CO2 Tensions
G. Breathing Responses to Mechanical Stimuli
H. Breathing Response to Air Exposure
I. Coupling of Respiratory and Circulatory Events
References
Chapter 7: Volume and composition of body fluids: The lasting impact of the first chapter of the Fish Physi
1. Introduction
2. Importance of chapter
3. History and consideration of methods
3.1. Ten insights on body volume and ionic composition of fishes from Holmes and Donaldson, circa 1969
3.2. Insight #1: A Nernstian approach to ion distribution
3.3. Insight #2: Mitochondria as regulators of intracellular ion concentrations
3.4. Insight #3: Phylogenetic trends in blood volume
3.5. Insight #4: Influences of growth, age, and smoltification on extracellular and intracellular fluid volumes and ion c ...
3.6. Insight #5: Hypertonic urine in killifish in seawater
3.7. Insight #6: Lymphatic system of fishes
3.8. Insight #7: Importance of studying the composition of specialized fluid compartments
3.9. Insight #8: The regulation of K+ concentrations
3.10. Insight #9: Sex differences in plasma Ca2+ concentrations
3.11. Insight #10: Cold effects on plasma osmolality and composition
4. Holmes and Donaldson (1969) as a fish physiology ``classic´´
References
Chapter 8: The Body compartments and the distribution of electrolytes**This is a reproduction of a previously published c ...
I. Introduction
II. The Total Body Volume
A. The Intracellular Compartment
B. The Extracellular Compartment
III. Methods for the Determination of Body Compartments
A. Total Body Water
B. The Extracellular Volume
C. The Intracellular Volume
IV. Compartmental Spaces in Fish
A. Class Agnatha
Order Myxiniformes and Order Petromyzontiformes
B. Class Chondrichthyes.
Subclass Elasmobranchii
C. Class Osteichthyes
1. Classes Sarcopterygii, Brachiopterygii, and Actinopterygii
2. Blood Volume Changes Associated with the Evolution of the Fishes
3. Changes in the Extracellular Compartments of Euryhaline Species
V. Electrolyte Composition
A. Class Agnatha
1. Order Myxiniformes
2. Order Petromyzontiformes
B. Class Chondrichthyes
1. Subclass Elasmobranchit (Marine Species)
2. Subclass Elasmobranchin (Freshwater Species)
3. Subclass Holocephali
C. Class Osteichthyes
1. Subclass Sarcopterygi
2. Subclass Actinopterygii
3. Group ``Teleosti´´
References
Chapter 9: Stimulation of a framework for future acid-base regulation studies in fish
References
Chapter 10: Acid-base balance**This is a reproduction of a previously published chapter in the Fish Physiology series, `` ...
I. Introduction
II. Basic Concepts of Physical Chemistry
A. The Dissociation of Water and the Definition of pH
B. Dissociation of Weak Acids
C. Carbonic Acid
D. Buffer Action and Its Mathematical Description
E. Effects of Ionic Strength and Temperature
1. Effect of Ionic Strength
2. Effect of Temperature
III. The Transport of CO2 in the Blood
A. The CO2 Combining Curve of the Blood
1. Physically Dissolved CO2
2. Chemically Bound CO2
3. Interaction between Red Blood Cells and Plasma
4. True Plasma versus Separated Plasma
B. The pH of the Blood as Related to CO2
1. THE pH
LOG pCO2 DIAGRAM
2. The Buffer Capacity of Plasma and Blood
3. The Effects of Oxygenation of Hemoglobin
4. The Effect of Temperature
5. Summary
IV. The Intracellular pH
V. Controlling Mechanisms of the Acid-Base Balance
References
Chapter 11: The lasting impact of Toki-o Yamamoto's pioneering chapter on fish sex determination and differentiation.
1. A brief overview of Yamamoto (1969)
2. The life and career of Toki-o Yamamoto
3. The legacy of Yamamoto (1969)
3.1. Basic discoveries stemming from Yamamoto (1969)
3.2. Practical applications stemming from Yamamoto (1969)
4. In closing
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 12: Sex differentiation**This is a reproduction of a previously published chapter in the Fish Physiology series, ...
I. Introduction: Sexuality in Fishes
II. Hermaphroditism
A. Synchronous Hermaphroditism
B. Consecutive Hermaphroditism
1. Protandrous Hermaphrodites
2. Protogynous Hermaphrodites
III. Gonochorism
A. Undifferentiated Gonochorists
B. Differentiated Gonochorists
C. All-Female Species
IV. Genetic Basis of Sex Determination
A. XX-XY and WZ(Y)-ZZ(YY) Types
B. Polygenic Sex Determination and So-called Genetic Sex Reversal
C. ``Spontaneous Sex Reversal´´ in the Swordtail
V. Control of Sex Differentiation
A. Surgical Operation
B. Modification of Sex Differentiation by Sex Hormones
C. Complete (Functional) Reversal of Sex Differentiation
VI. Nature of Natural Sex Inducers
A. Steroid versus Nonsteroid Theories
B. Detection of Steroids and Relevant Enzymes in Fish Gonads
VII. Differentiation of Secondary Sexual Characters
VIII. Summary
References
Chapter 13: Beginning with Blaxter-An early summary of embryonic and larval fish development
References
Chapter 14: Development: eggs and larvae**This is a reproduction of a previously published chapter in the Fish Physiology ...
I. Introduction
II. The Parental Contribution
A. Conditions for Incubation
1. Eggs Single, with No Parental Care
2. Eggs Single, Special Environments
3. Eggs Single, with Parental Care
4. Eggs Massed
B. Fecundity and Egg Size
III. Events in Development
A. Fertilization.
The 50th Anniversary Issue of Fish Physiology: Physiological Systems and Development
Copyright
Contents
Contributors
Preface
Chapter 1: The fish gill: Where fish physiology begins
References
Chapter 2: General anatomy of the gills**This is a reproduction of a previously published chapter in the Fish Physiology ...
I. Introduction
A. Relationship of Gills to Lungs
II. Development of Gills
A. Branchial Arches
B. Hyoid Arch
C. Pseudobranch
III. Gill Organization
A. Gill Septum
B. Filaments
C. Lamellae
1. Number
2. Shape
3. Support
IV. Modifications in Relation to Habit
A. Fast-Swimming Oceanic Species
B. Fishes of Intermediate Activity
C. Sluggish Fishes
D. Air Breathers
1. Air-Breathing Organs
2. The Gills
V. Gill Ventilation and Role of Branchial Muscles
A. Water Pumps
B. Ventilation of Air-Breathing ``Gills´´
VI. Gill Morphometry
A. Water and Blood Flow Dimensions
1. Resistances to Flow
2. Subdivision of Water and Blood Flows
B. Gas Exchange
1. Surface Area
2. Thickness
3. Diffusing Capacity
C. Scaling
1. Relationship of Gill Areas to Body Mass
2. Dimensional Analysis
VII. Conclusions
References
Chapter 3: The oldies are the goodies: 30 years on ``The Heart´´ still sets the pace
1. Introduction to ``The Heart´´
References
Chapter 4: The heart*
I. Introduction
II. Cardiac Anatomy and Morphology
A. Sinus Venosus
B. Atrium
C. Ventricle
1. Ventricle Form
2. Spongiosa and Compacta
3. Relative Ventricle Mass
D. Innervation Patterns
E. Myocytes
F. Conus and Bulbus Arteriosus
G. Coronary Circulation
III. Cardiac Physiology
A. Cardiac Cycle
1. Electrocardiogram
2. Contractility
3. Cardiac Stroke Work and Power Output
4. Efficiency of Cardiac Contraction.
B. Control of Stroke Volume
1. Frank-Starling Mechanism
2. Cardiac Filling
C. Control of Heart Rate
1. Intrinsic Heart Rate
2. Resting Heart Rate
3. Cholinergic Control of Heart Rate
4. Adrenergic Control
5. Mechanical Stretch of the Pacemaker Cells
6. Other Factors Affecting Heart Rate
7. Maximal Heart Rate
D. Cardiac Output
1. Measurement
2. Body Mass
3. Activity
4. Temperature
5. Acidosis
6. Hypoxia
E. Myocardial O2 Supply, and the Threshold Venous PO2
F. Control of Coronary Blood Flow
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 5: How the evolution of air-breathing shaped the form and function of the cardiorespira
1. Kjell Johansen's background and entry to the study of air-breathing fish
2. Studies of air-breathing fish at University of Sao Paulo
3. Lungfish studies with Claude Lenfant and Gordon Grigg on three continents
4. Air-breathing fish at Aarhus University
5. What are the next research question on air-breathing fish?
6. Kjell Johansens impact
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 6: Air breathing in fishes***This chapter was written while the author was supported by grants GB 7166 from the N ...
I. Occurrence and Bionomics of Air-Breathing Fishes
II. Nature of the Structural Adaptations for Air Breathing
A. Structural Derivatives of the Mouth and Pharynx as Air-Breathing Organs
B. Structural Adaptations of the Gastrointestinal Tract for Air Breathing
C. The Air Bladder as a Respiratory Organ
III. Physiological Adaptations in Air-Breathing Fishes
A. Respiratory Properties of Blood
B. Gas Exchange in Air-Breathing Fishes
C. Internal Gas Transport in Air-Breathing Fishes
D. Control of Breathing in Air-Breathing Fishes
E. Normal Breathing Behavior
F. Breathing Responses to Changes in External Gas Composition.
1. Changes of Environmental Oxygenation
2. Changes of Environmental CO2 Tensions
G. Breathing Responses to Mechanical Stimuli
H. Breathing Response to Air Exposure
I. Coupling of Respiratory and Circulatory Events
References
Chapter 7: Volume and composition of body fluids: The lasting impact of the first chapter of the Fish Physi
1. Introduction
2. Importance of chapter
3. History and consideration of methods
3.1. Ten insights on body volume and ionic composition of fishes from Holmes and Donaldson, circa 1969
3.2. Insight #1: A Nernstian approach to ion distribution
3.3. Insight #2: Mitochondria as regulators of intracellular ion concentrations
3.4. Insight #3: Phylogenetic trends in blood volume
3.5. Insight #4: Influences of growth, age, and smoltification on extracellular and intracellular fluid volumes and ion c ...
3.6. Insight #5: Hypertonic urine in killifish in seawater
3.7. Insight #6: Lymphatic system of fishes
3.8. Insight #7: Importance of studying the composition of specialized fluid compartments
3.9. Insight #8: The regulation of K+ concentrations
3.10. Insight #9: Sex differences in plasma Ca2+ concentrations
3.11. Insight #10: Cold effects on plasma osmolality and composition
4. Holmes and Donaldson (1969) as a fish physiology ``classic´´
References
Chapter 8: The Body compartments and the distribution of electrolytes**This is a reproduction of a previously published c ...
I. Introduction
II. The Total Body Volume
A. The Intracellular Compartment
B. The Extracellular Compartment
III. Methods for the Determination of Body Compartments
A. Total Body Water
B. The Extracellular Volume
C. The Intracellular Volume
IV. Compartmental Spaces in Fish
A. Class Agnatha
Order Myxiniformes and Order Petromyzontiformes
B. Class Chondrichthyes.
Subclass Elasmobranchii
C. Class Osteichthyes
1. Classes Sarcopterygii, Brachiopterygii, and Actinopterygii
2. Blood Volume Changes Associated with the Evolution of the Fishes
3. Changes in the Extracellular Compartments of Euryhaline Species
V. Electrolyte Composition
A. Class Agnatha
1. Order Myxiniformes
2. Order Petromyzontiformes
B. Class Chondrichthyes
1. Subclass Elasmobranchit (Marine Species)
2. Subclass Elasmobranchin (Freshwater Species)
3. Subclass Holocephali
C. Class Osteichthyes
1. Subclass Sarcopterygi
2. Subclass Actinopterygii
3. Group ``Teleosti´´
References
Chapter 9: Stimulation of a framework for future acid-base regulation studies in fish
References
Chapter 10: Acid-base balance**This is a reproduction of a previously published chapter in the Fish Physiology series, `` ...
I. Introduction
II. Basic Concepts of Physical Chemistry
A. The Dissociation of Water and the Definition of pH
B. Dissociation of Weak Acids
C. Carbonic Acid
D. Buffer Action and Its Mathematical Description
E. Effects of Ionic Strength and Temperature
1. Effect of Ionic Strength
2. Effect of Temperature
III. The Transport of CO2 in the Blood
A. The CO2 Combining Curve of the Blood
1. Physically Dissolved CO2
2. Chemically Bound CO2
3. Interaction between Red Blood Cells and Plasma
4. True Plasma versus Separated Plasma
B. The pH of the Blood as Related to CO2
1. THE pH
LOG pCO2 DIAGRAM
2. The Buffer Capacity of Plasma and Blood
3. The Effects of Oxygenation of Hemoglobin
4. The Effect of Temperature
5. Summary
IV. The Intracellular pH
V. Controlling Mechanisms of the Acid-Base Balance
References
Chapter 11: The lasting impact of Toki-o Yamamoto's pioneering chapter on fish sex determination and differentiation.
1. A brief overview of Yamamoto (1969)
2. The life and career of Toki-o Yamamoto
3. The legacy of Yamamoto (1969)
3.1. Basic discoveries stemming from Yamamoto (1969)
3.2. Practical applications stemming from Yamamoto (1969)
4. In closing
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 12: Sex differentiation**This is a reproduction of a previously published chapter in the Fish Physiology series, ...
I. Introduction: Sexuality in Fishes
II. Hermaphroditism
A. Synchronous Hermaphroditism
B. Consecutive Hermaphroditism
1. Protandrous Hermaphrodites
2. Protogynous Hermaphrodites
III. Gonochorism
A. Undifferentiated Gonochorists
B. Differentiated Gonochorists
C. All-Female Species
IV. Genetic Basis of Sex Determination
A. XX-XY and WZ(Y)-ZZ(YY) Types
B. Polygenic Sex Determination and So-called Genetic Sex Reversal
C. ``Spontaneous Sex Reversal´´ in the Swordtail
V. Control of Sex Differentiation
A. Surgical Operation
B. Modification of Sex Differentiation by Sex Hormones
C. Complete (Functional) Reversal of Sex Differentiation
VI. Nature of Natural Sex Inducers
A. Steroid versus Nonsteroid Theories
B. Detection of Steroids and Relevant Enzymes in Fish Gonads
VII. Differentiation of Secondary Sexual Characters
VIII. Summary
References
Chapter 13: Beginning with Blaxter-An early summary of embryonic and larval fish development
References
Chapter 14: Development: eggs and larvae**This is a reproduction of a previously published chapter in the Fish Physiology ...
I. Introduction
II. The Parental Contribution
A. Conditions for Incubation
1. Eggs Single, with No Parental Care
2. Eggs Single, Special Environments
3. Eggs Single, with Parental Care
4. Eggs Massed
B. Fecundity and Egg Size
III. Events in Development
A. Fertilization.