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Nanoparticle-Protein Corona: Biophysics to Biology
Preface
Contents
Chapter 1 - Nanoparticle-Protein Corona Complex: Composition, Kinetics, Physico-Chemical Characterization, and Impact on Biomedical Applications
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Physico-Chemical Parameters of NPs Controlling Protein Corona Formation
1.2.1 Protein Corona Composition Varies with NP Type
1.2.2 Effect of NP Size Over Protein Corona Formation
1.2.3 Effect of NP Shape on Protein Corona Formation
1.2.4 Effect of Hydrophobicity and Hydrophilicity on Protein Corona Formation
1.2.5 Effect of a NP's Surface Charge on Protein Corona Formation
1.2.6 Effect of Temperature on Protein Corona Formation Over NPs
1.2.7 Effect of pH on Protein Corona Formation
1.2.8 Effect of Surface Modification of NPs and Protein Corona Formation
1.3 Composition of the Protein Corona
1.4 Kinetics of Protein Corona Formation
1.5 Common Techniques to Characterize Protein Coronas on NPs
1.5.1 UV-visible Spectroscopy
1.5.2 Fourier-transform Infrared Spectroscopy
1.5.3 Dynamic Light Scattering and Zeta Potential
1.5.4 Isothermal Titration Calorimetry
1.5.5 Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy
1.6 Applications of Protein Coronas
1.6.1 Role of the Protein Corona Towards Targeted Drug Delivery
1.6.2 Engineering Nanoparticle-Protein Technologies for Early Cancer Detection
1.6.3 Toxicity Reduction
1.7 Limitations and Future Perspectives
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 2 - Biological Significance of the Nanoparticles Protein Corona
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Formation of a Protein Corona
2.2.1 Parameters Involved in the Formation of the Protein Corona
2.2.1.1 Nanoparticles' Intrinsic Parameters
2.2.1.2 Biological Environmental Factors
2.3 Impact of the Protein Corona on the Nanoparticle's Physicochemical Properties.
2.4 Consequences of the Protein Corona on Nanoparticles' Biological Fate and Outcomes
2.4.1 Impact of the Protein Corona on the Nanoparticles' Biological Fate
2.4.1.1 Impact of the Protein Corona on Nanoparticle-Cell Interactions
2.4.1.2 Impact of the Protein Corona on the Nanoparticles' Uptake by Cells
2.4.1.3 Impact of the Protein Corona on the Nanoparticles' Biodistribution, Clearance and Targeting
2.4.2 Impact of the Protein Corona on the Nanoparticles' Biological Outcomes
2.4.2.1 Impact of the Protein Corona on the Nanoparticles' Toxicity
2.4.2.2 Impact of the Protein Corona on the Immune Response to Nanoparticles
2.4.2.3 Alteration of Protein Conformation Following Their Adsorption on a Nanoparticle Surface and Impact of the Protein Corona ...
2.5 Issues Associated with the Protein Corona
2.5.1 Complexity of the Protein Corona
2.5.2 Discrepancies Between In Vitro and In Vivo Data
2.6 Conclusion and Perspectives
References
Chapter 3 - Factors Affecting a Nanoparticle's Protein Corona Formation
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Structure and Composition of the Protein Corona
3.3 Formation of the Protein Corona
3.4 Protein Conformation
3.5 Time Evolution of the Protein Corona
3.6 Properties Affecting the Formation of a Nanoparticle Protein Corona
3.6.1 Size of nanoparticles
3.6.2 Shape of nanoparticles
3.6.3 Surface charge of nanoparticles
3.6.4 Surface chemistry of nanoparticles
3.6.5 Nanoparticle materials
3.6.6 Hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity
3.6.7 Biological environment/media composition
3.6.8 Time of exposure
3.6.9 Temperature
3.7 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 4 - NP-Protein Corona Interaction: Characterization Methods and Analysis
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Brief History of the Protein Corona
4.1.2 Nanoparticles
4.2 Protein Corona.
4.2.1 Formation and Composition
4.3 Analytical Techniques for the Characterization of Protein Coronas
4.3.1 Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS)
4.3.2 Z-potential
4.3.3 Centrifugation
4.3.4 Chromatography
4.3.4.1 Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC)
4.3.5 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR)
4.3.5.1 Chemical Shift
4.3.5.2 2D-NMR Technique
4.3.6 Isothermal Titration Calorimetry (ITC)
4.3.6.1 Working
4.3.6.2 Controls
4.3.7 Mass Spectrometry
4.3.7.1 Instrumentation and Working
4.3.7.2 Sample Preparation/Ionization
4.3.7.3 Data Analysis
4.3.7.4 Types of MS
4.4 Sampling and Preparation of Nanoparticles
4.5 Characterization of Protein Coronas
4.5.1 Surface Charge of the NP-PC
4.5.2 Kinetics of the NP-PC
4.5.2.1 Effect on Protein
4.5.3 Size of the NP-PC Corona
4.5.4 Molecular Structure
4.5.5 Protein Analysis and Identification
4.5.5.1 Metals
4.5.5.2 Metal Oxides
4.5.5.3 Polymers
4.5.5.4 Analytical Studies
4.6 Summary
References
Chapter 5 - An Analytical Approach to Investigate Nanoparticle-Protein Corona Complexes
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Classification of the Corona
5.2.1 Hard Corona Formation
5.2.2 Soft Corona Formation
5.3 Analytical Methods for Protein Corona Assessment
5.3.1 On the Basis of Protein Isolation/Separation
5.3.1.1 Direct Methods
5.3.1.1.1 Transmission Electron Microscopy.This is a qualitative method of analysis in which adsorbed proteins can be directly detected an...
5.3.1.1.2 Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS).
5.3.1.1.3 Gel Electrophoresis (GE).Gel electrophoresis (GE) is a direct method to identify the composition of protein coronas using protei...
5.3.1.1.4 Circular Dichroism (CD) Spectroscopy.CD spectroscopy encompasses absorption in the far (180-250 nm) and near (250 nm-visible) UV.
5.3.1.1.5 Fourier-transform Infrared Spectrometry (FT-IR).
5.3.1.1.6 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy.NMR spectroscopy offers expedient information on protein structure and it is also ...
5.3.1.1.7 Raman Spectroscopy.Raman spectroscopy is a very useful technique for studying protein-nanoparticle interactions. It comprises an...
5.3.1.1.8 Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS).In the case of protein coronas, the proteins are close to the surface of metal NPs so t...
5.3.1.1.9 Fluorescence Spectroscopy.Fluorescence spectroscopy is a technique that can be applied to study the size, shape, structure and d...
5.3.1.2 Indirect Methods
5.3.1.2.1 Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA).When proteins are adsorbed onto NPs' surfaces, their mass is increased and because of this,...
5.3.1.2.2 Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS).DLS is a frequently used technique for the study of NP-protein interactions.10,64,67 However, DLS...
5.3.1.2.3 Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy (FCS).FCS is a technique based on fluorescence labeling of the NP in which the signal orig...
5.3.1.2.4 Depolarized DLS (DDLS).This is an alternative DLS technique that is applied to the study of protein coronas.75 This technique de...
5.3.1.2.5 Centrifugation.Centrifugation is the most commonly used method for separation. It is based on the gradient of density. In case o...
5.3.1.2.6 Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC).SEC is an alternative method to centrifugation in which a protein corona is separated in a l...
5.3.1.2.7 Gel Electrophoresis (GE).GE can perform qualitative measurements of adsorbed proteins on NP surfaces with the help of size exclu...
5.3.1.2.8 Magnetic Separation/Magnetic Flow Field Fractionation (MgFFF).
5.3.1.2.9 Differential Centrifugal Sedimentation (DCS).DCS is a widely used technique to measure the quantity of adsorbed proteins on a NP...
5.3.1.2.10 Laser Doppler Anemometry (LDA).LDA is a technique based on changes in the surface charges of the NPs. In LDA, when NPs are expos...
5.3.1.2.11 Tunable Resistive Pulse Sensing (TRPS).TRPS is another technique that measures the Z- potential.86,87 In this technique, the sur...
5.3.1.2.12 Capillary Electrophoresis (CE).CE is a technique that operates in an open column without any packing materials.32,88 It measures...
5.3.1.2.13 Isothermal Titration Calorimetry (ITC).ITC is basically used to determine various thermodynamic parameters such as binding affin...
5.3.2 On the Basis of Characterization Parameters
5.3.2.1 Structure Analysis of Protein Coronas
5.3.2.1.1 Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS).DLS is a technique that allows the measurement of the hydrodynamic diameters of colloidal particl...
5.3.2.1.2 Differential Centrifugal Sedimentation (DCS).DCS is a separation technique based on the size and density of the component presen...
5.3.2.1.3 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM).In the case of protein coronas, TEM is a technique that can help to determine the thickne...
5.3.2.2 Protein Quantification
5.3.2.2.1 Bicinchoninic Acid (BCA) Assay.In this assay, peptide bonds present in proteins reduce Cu2+ to Cu1+ under alkaline conditions an...
5.3.2.2.2 Bradford Assay.This is also a colorimetric assay to detect proteins in samples. In this assay, Coomassie brilliant dye binds wit...
5.3.2.2.3 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA).In general, due to the thermal decomposition reaction, weight variations occur in organic or se...
5.3.2.3 Binding Affinity/Stoichiometry and Protein Interaction.
5.3.2.3.1 Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy (FCS).FCS is a technique based on fluorescence labeling of the NP in which the signal orig.
Nanoparticle-Protein Corona: Biophysics to Biology
Preface
Contents
Chapter 1 - Nanoparticle-Protein Corona Complex: Composition, Kinetics, Physico-Chemical Characterization, and Impact on Biomedical Applications
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Physico-Chemical Parameters of NPs Controlling Protein Corona Formation
1.2.1 Protein Corona Composition Varies with NP Type
1.2.2 Effect of NP Size Over Protein Corona Formation
1.2.3 Effect of NP Shape on Protein Corona Formation
1.2.4 Effect of Hydrophobicity and Hydrophilicity on Protein Corona Formation
1.2.5 Effect of a NP's Surface Charge on Protein Corona Formation
1.2.6 Effect of Temperature on Protein Corona Formation Over NPs
1.2.7 Effect of pH on Protein Corona Formation
1.2.8 Effect of Surface Modification of NPs and Protein Corona Formation
1.3 Composition of the Protein Corona
1.4 Kinetics of Protein Corona Formation
1.5 Common Techniques to Characterize Protein Coronas on NPs
1.5.1 UV-visible Spectroscopy
1.5.2 Fourier-transform Infrared Spectroscopy
1.5.3 Dynamic Light Scattering and Zeta Potential
1.5.4 Isothermal Titration Calorimetry
1.5.5 Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy
1.6 Applications of Protein Coronas
1.6.1 Role of the Protein Corona Towards Targeted Drug Delivery
1.6.2 Engineering Nanoparticle-Protein Technologies for Early Cancer Detection
1.6.3 Toxicity Reduction
1.7 Limitations and Future Perspectives
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 2 - Biological Significance of the Nanoparticles Protein Corona
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Formation of a Protein Corona
2.2.1 Parameters Involved in the Formation of the Protein Corona
2.2.1.1 Nanoparticles' Intrinsic Parameters
2.2.1.2 Biological Environmental Factors
2.3 Impact of the Protein Corona on the Nanoparticle's Physicochemical Properties.
2.4 Consequences of the Protein Corona on Nanoparticles' Biological Fate and Outcomes
2.4.1 Impact of the Protein Corona on the Nanoparticles' Biological Fate
2.4.1.1 Impact of the Protein Corona on Nanoparticle-Cell Interactions
2.4.1.2 Impact of the Protein Corona on the Nanoparticles' Uptake by Cells
2.4.1.3 Impact of the Protein Corona on the Nanoparticles' Biodistribution, Clearance and Targeting
2.4.2 Impact of the Protein Corona on the Nanoparticles' Biological Outcomes
2.4.2.1 Impact of the Protein Corona on the Nanoparticles' Toxicity
2.4.2.2 Impact of the Protein Corona on the Immune Response to Nanoparticles
2.4.2.3 Alteration of Protein Conformation Following Their Adsorption on a Nanoparticle Surface and Impact of the Protein Corona ...
2.5 Issues Associated with the Protein Corona
2.5.1 Complexity of the Protein Corona
2.5.2 Discrepancies Between In Vitro and In Vivo Data
2.6 Conclusion and Perspectives
References
Chapter 3 - Factors Affecting a Nanoparticle's Protein Corona Formation
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Structure and Composition of the Protein Corona
3.3 Formation of the Protein Corona
3.4 Protein Conformation
3.5 Time Evolution of the Protein Corona
3.6 Properties Affecting the Formation of a Nanoparticle Protein Corona
3.6.1 Size of nanoparticles
3.6.2 Shape of nanoparticles
3.6.3 Surface charge of nanoparticles
3.6.4 Surface chemistry of nanoparticles
3.6.5 Nanoparticle materials
3.6.6 Hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity
3.6.7 Biological environment/media composition
3.6.8 Time of exposure
3.6.9 Temperature
3.7 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 4 - NP-Protein Corona Interaction: Characterization Methods and Analysis
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Brief History of the Protein Corona
4.1.2 Nanoparticles
4.2 Protein Corona.
4.2.1 Formation and Composition
4.3 Analytical Techniques for the Characterization of Protein Coronas
4.3.1 Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS)
4.3.2 Z-potential
4.3.3 Centrifugation
4.3.4 Chromatography
4.3.4.1 Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC)
4.3.5 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR)
4.3.5.1 Chemical Shift
4.3.5.2 2D-NMR Technique
4.3.6 Isothermal Titration Calorimetry (ITC)
4.3.6.1 Working
4.3.6.2 Controls
4.3.7 Mass Spectrometry
4.3.7.1 Instrumentation and Working
4.3.7.2 Sample Preparation/Ionization
4.3.7.3 Data Analysis
4.3.7.4 Types of MS
4.4 Sampling and Preparation of Nanoparticles
4.5 Characterization of Protein Coronas
4.5.1 Surface Charge of the NP-PC
4.5.2 Kinetics of the NP-PC
4.5.2.1 Effect on Protein
4.5.3 Size of the NP-PC Corona
4.5.4 Molecular Structure
4.5.5 Protein Analysis and Identification
4.5.5.1 Metals
4.5.5.2 Metal Oxides
4.5.5.3 Polymers
4.5.5.4 Analytical Studies
4.6 Summary
References
Chapter 5 - An Analytical Approach to Investigate Nanoparticle-Protein Corona Complexes
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Classification of the Corona
5.2.1 Hard Corona Formation
5.2.2 Soft Corona Formation
5.3 Analytical Methods for Protein Corona Assessment
5.3.1 On the Basis of Protein Isolation/Separation
5.3.1.1 Direct Methods
5.3.1.1.1 Transmission Electron Microscopy.This is a qualitative method of analysis in which adsorbed proteins can be directly detected an...
5.3.1.1.2 Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS).
5.3.1.1.3 Gel Electrophoresis (GE).Gel electrophoresis (GE) is a direct method to identify the composition of protein coronas using protei...
5.3.1.1.4 Circular Dichroism (CD) Spectroscopy.CD spectroscopy encompasses absorption in the far (180-250 nm) and near (250 nm-visible) UV.
5.3.1.1.5 Fourier-transform Infrared Spectrometry (FT-IR).
5.3.1.1.6 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy.NMR spectroscopy offers expedient information on protein structure and it is also ...
5.3.1.1.7 Raman Spectroscopy.Raman spectroscopy is a very useful technique for studying protein-nanoparticle interactions. It comprises an...
5.3.1.1.8 Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS).In the case of protein coronas, the proteins are close to the surface of metal NPs so t...
5.3.1.1.9 Fluorescence Spectroscopy.Fluorescence spectroscopy is a technique that can be applied to study the size, shape, structure and d...
5.3.1.2 Indirect Methods
5.3.1.2.1 Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA).When proteins are adsorbed onto NPs' surfaces, their mass is increased and because of this,...
5.3.1.2.2 Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS).DLS is a frequently used technique for the study of NP-protein interactions.10,64,67 However, DLS...
5.3.1.2.3 Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy (FCS).FCS is a technique based on fluorescence labeling of the NP in which the signal orig...
5.3.1.2.4 Depolarized DLS (DDLS).This is an alternative DLS technique that is applied to the study of protein coronas.75 This technique de...
5.3.1.2.5 Centrifugation.Centrifugation is the most commonly used method for separation. It is based on the gradient of density. In case o...
5.3.1.2.6 Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC).SEC is an alternative method to centrifugation in which a protein corona is separated in a l...
5.3.1.2.7 Gel Electrophoresis (GE).GE can perform qualitative measurements of adsorbed proteins on NP surfaces with the help of size exclu...
5.3.1.2.8 Magnetic Separation/Magnetic Flow Field Fractionation (MgFFF).
5.3.1.2.9 Differential Centrifugal Sedimentation (DCS).DCS is a widely used technique to measure the quantity of adsorbed proteins on a NP...
5.3.1.2.10 Laser Doppler Anemometry (LDA).LDA is a technique based on changes in the surface charges of the NPs. In LDA, when NPs are expos...
5.3.1.2.11 Tunable Resistive Pulse Sensing (TRPS).TRPS is another technique that measures the Z- potential.86,87 In this technique, the sur...
5.3.1.2.12 Capillary Electrophoresis (CE).CE is a technique that operates in an open column without any packing materials.32,88 It measures...
5.3.1.2.13 Isothermal Titration Calorimetry (ITC).ITC is basically used to determine various thermodynamic parameters such as binding affin...
5.3.2 On the Basis of Characterization Parameters
5.3.2.1 Structure Analysis of Protein Coronas
5.3.2.1.1 Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS).DLS is a technique that allows the measurement of the hydrodynamic diameters of colloidal particl...
5.3.2.1.2 Differential Centrifugal Sedimentation (DCS).DCS is a separation technique based on the size and density of the component presen...
5.3.2.1.3 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM).In the case of protein coronas, TEM is a technique that can help to determine the thickne...
5.3.2.2 Protein Quantification
5.3.2.2.1 Bicinchoninic Acid (BCA) Assay.In this assay, peptide bonds present in proteins reduce Cu2+ to Cu1+ under alkaline conditions an...
5.3.2.2.2 Bradford Assay.This is also a colorimetric assay to detect proteins in samples. In this assay, Coomassie brilliant dye binds wit...
5.3.2.2.3 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA).In general, due to the thermal decomposition reaction, weight variations occur in organic or se...
5.3.2.3 Binding Affinity/Stoichiometry and Protein Interaction.
5.3.2.3.1 Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy (FCS).FCS is a technique based on fluorescence labeling of the NP in which the signal orig.