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Front Cover
ANIMAL AGRICULTURE
ANIMAL AGRICULTURE
Copyright
Contents
Contributors
Foreword
Reference
1 - Introduction: significance, challenges and strategies of animal production
Introduction
Important roles of animal-source food in human health
Global animal agriculture including aquaculture
Potential impacts of animal agriculture on human food supply and the ecosystem
Potential competition with humans for food and water
Potential impacts of animal production on the environment
Major challenges to the sustainability of animal agriculture and potential solutions
Suboptimal efficiency of protein production by animals
Banning of the use of antibiotics for growth enhancement
Metabolic disorders and infectious diseases
Global warming and cold environment
Companion animals in agriculture
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
I - Beef cattle production
2 - Genetics and breeding of beef cattle
Historical overview of breeding programs
Quantitative nature of economically important traits-an intrinsic challenge in selection
Advances in genomic technologies and genomic selection
Future genomic information
Where genomic selection can have a great impact for the beef industry?
Genomics and sustainability
Genetic improvement in climate resilience traits
New genomic technologies
References
3 - Physiology and pregnancy of beef cattle
Introduction
Puberty
Regulation of the estrous cycle
Establishment and maintenance of pregnancy
Physiological changes during gestation
Endocrinology of pregnancy
Embryonic and fetal loss
Parturition and postpartum anestrus
References
4 - Reproductive management of beef cattle
Introduction
Challenges
Replacement heifers
Postpartum cows
Genotype
Available strategies.
Breeding season
Artificial insemination
Estrus synchronization and fixed-time artificial insemination
Multiple ovulation embryo transfer
In vitro fertilization
Sex-sorted semen
Conclusion
References
5 - Nutrition, feeding and management of beef cattle in intensive and extensive production systems
Introduction
Confined production systems
Cow/calf production
Backgrounding
Finishing
Grains and by-product feeds
Forage sources and processing
Feed additives and growth promoters
Extensive production systems
Temperate versus tropical climates
Maximizing forage production and quality
Extensive, semi-intensive, and intensive pasture systems
Grazing management
Pasture supplementation
Cow/calf, backgrounding, and finishing cattle on pasture
Nutrient management in beef cattle production systems
Confined systems
Extensive systems
Greenhouse gas emissions
Implications of climate change
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
II - Lactation and management of dairy cattle
6 - Genetics and genomics of dairy cattle
Introduction
The basics of genetic selection
Selection for traits that increase income
Selection for traits that reduce expenses
Selection for multiple traits
Genomic selection: the latest revolution
Effective use of genomics: sire selection
Effective use of genomics: replacement heifer selection
Novel traits in the genomics era
Managing inbreeding and genetic diversity
Final remarks
References
7 - Physiology of lactation in dairy cattle-challenges to sustainable production
Current state of affairs
Mammary growth and function
Nutrition and metabolism
Reproduction
Genetic innovations
Animal health and well-being
Housing and monitoring
References
8 - Reproductive management of dairy cattle.
Introduction
Control of the reproductive cycle
Foundation principles of a reproductive program
Sequential development and efficacy of reproductive management programs
OvSynch
PreSynchPGF2α-OvSynch
PreSynch using GnRH before-OvSynch
Additional refinements to TAI programs
Supplemental progesterone (P4)
Two injections of PGF
Reduction of follicle dominance in timed AI protocol
TAI in dairy heifers
Resynchronization for TAI in cows diagnosed non-pregnant to first TAI
Economic and sustainable outcomes of reproductive management
Economic
TAI/bull breeding
TAI/seasonal breeding
Dairy heifers
Lactating dairy cows
Sustainability of reproductive performance
References
9 - Nutrition and feeding of dairy cattle
Introduction
Dairy calf and heifer nutrition and development
Why are dairy calves needed?
Colostrum
Colostrum quality and feeding
Environmental effects on colostrum
Breed and parity effects
Pasteurization
Colostrum replacers and supplements
Storage of colostrum
Milk and milk replacer feeding
Milk in the digestive tract
Milk replacer types
Calf starter grain
Water
New developments in calf feeding
Feeding the post-weaned heifer
Precision feeding
Nutrition of the dairy cow
Water
Protein and amino acids
Amino acids
Protein synchronization
Metabolizable protein
Rumen-protected amino acids
Future directions
Recommendations
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrate types
Microbial fermentation
Carbohydrate and protein utilization in the rumen
Carbohydrate processing
Energetics
Recommendations
Fat
Types of fat
Rumen-active fats
Incomplete biohydrogenation
Rumen-inert fats
Fat digestion
How to feed fat
What to expect
Minerals
Macrominerals to consider when formulating dairy cow diets.
Calcium
Phosphorus
Potassium
Magnesium
Sodium
Chloride
Sulfur
Microminerals to consider when formulating dairy cow diets
Copper
Iodine
Iron
Manganese
Molybdenum
Zinc
Selenium
Vitamins
Vitamin A
Vitamin D
Vitamin E
Niacin
Biotin
Feed additives
Ionophores
Probiotics
Rumen buffers
Sodium butyrate
Essential oils
Practical dairy cattle feeding
Diet balancing
Bunk space
Water
Cow comfort
Consistency
Feeding
What drives intake?
Dry cow feeding
Conclusion
References
III - Sheep and goat production
10 - Genetics and breeding of sheep and goats
Introduction
Sheep and goat domestication
Breed classification
Genomic basis for breed variation
Lamb production
Meat production
Health
Horn phenotype
Genetic evaluation and genomic selection
Sheep and goat breeding programs
Breeding aims
Conversion of historic wool-producing industries in NZ to effective meat production38
Selection for milk production in dairy sheep and goats in France
Using breeds and crosses in the stratified system of the UK sheep industry
USA: an industry in transition - reversing from wool to meat production
Israel: applying selection, crossbreeding and gene introgression in breeding under diverse management conditions
Advanced technologies related to small ruminant breeding
Cloning
Transgenesis
Gene editing
Breeding for feed efficiency and low methane emission using rumen microbiome genetics
Conclusions
References
11 - Reproductive physiology of sheep (Ovis aries) and goats (Capra aegagrus hircus)
Introduction
History of sheep
Comparison of sheep with goats2,3
Puberty2,3
Seasonal breeding2,3
Reproductive tract anatomy
Female reproductive tract4.
Reproductive tract anatomy of the ram and buck4
Estrous cycles of goats and ewes2,3
Estrous cycles and luteolysis2,3
Pregnancy in does and ewes5,6
Conceptus development in sheep during the peri-implantation period of pregnancy5,6
Pregnancy in ewes
Chorionic somatomammotropin hormone 1 (CSH1)
Parturition in ewes and goats
References
12 - Reproductive management of sheep and goats
Introduction
Background
Intensive versus extensive production
Description of variability in global production
Breeding systems
Annual
Opportunistic
Accelerated
Genetic selection
Fertility and fecundity
Pre-breeding
Pre-breeding evaluation
Pre-breeding management of the female
Pre-breeding management of the male
Breeding season
Single sire versus multi sire mating
Length of season
Seasonality
Seasonal versus aseasonal
Managing for aseasonal production
Gestation
Proper nutrition and weight management
Pregnancy determination
Shearing and crutching
Lambing and kidding
Range lambing/kidding
Shed lambing/kidding
Birthing
Weaning
When to wean
How to wean
Dairy
Advanced reproductive technology
Artificial insemination (AI)
Embryo transfer
Conclusion
References
13 - Sustainable sheep and goat production through strategic nutritional management and advanced technologies
Forages and grazing systems for sustainable farming practices
Sustainable intensification in grazing lands
Role of small ruminants within future landscapes
Functional nutrition and management strategies
Technological advancements and future directives
Digital technologies
Advances in plant genetics and breeding
Omics technologies
Concluding statements
References
IV - Swine production
14 - Modern genetic and genomic improvement of the pig.
Introduction.
ANIMAL AGRICULTURE
ANIMAL AGRICULTURE
Copyright
Contents
Contributors
Foreword
Reference
1 - Introduction: significance, challenges and strategies of animal production
Introduction
Important roles of animal-source food in human health
Global animal agriculture including aquaculture
Potential impacts of animal agriculture on human food supply and the ecosystem
Potential competition with humans for food and water
Potential impacts of animal production on the environment
Major challenges to the sustainability of animal agriculture and potential solutions
Suboptimal efficiency of protein production by animals
Banning of the use of antibiotics for growth enhancement
Metabolic disorders and infectious diseases
Global warming and cold environment
Companion animals in agriculture
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
I - Beef cattle production
2 - Genetics and breeding of beef cattle
Historical overview of breeding programs
Quantitative nature of economically important traits-an intrinsic challenge in selection
Advances in genomic technologies and genomic selection
Future genomic information
Where genomic selection can have a great impact for the beef industry?
Genomics and sustainability
Genetic improvement in climate resilience traits
New genomic technologies
References
3 - Physiology and pregnancy of beef cattle
Introduction
Puberty
Regulation of the estrous cycle
Establishment and maintenance of pregnancy
Physiological changes during gestation
Endocrinology of pregnancy
Embryonic and fetal loss
Parturition and postpartum anestrus
References
4 - Reproductive management of beef cattle
Introduction
Challenges
Replacement heifers
Postpartum cows
Genotype
Available strategies.
Breeding season
Artificial insemination
Estrus synchronization and fixed-time artificial insemination
Multiple ovulation embryo transfer
In vitro fertilization
Sex-sorted semen
Conclusion
References
5 - Nutrition, feeding and management of beef cattle in intensive and extensive production systems
Introduction
Confined production systems
Cow/calf production
Backgrounding
Finishing
Grains and by-product feeds
Forage sources and processing
Feed additives and growth promoters
Extensive production systems
Temperate versus tropical climates
Maximizing forage production and quality
Extensive, semi-intensive, and intensive pasture systems
Grazing management
Pasture supplementation
Cow/calf, backgrounding, and finishing cattle on pasture
Nutrient management in beef cattle production systems
Confined systems
Extensive systems
Greenhouse gas emissions
Implications of climate change
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
II - Lactation and management of dairy cattle
6 - Genetics and genomics of dairy cattle
Introduction
The basics of genetic selection
Selection for traits that increase income
Selection for traits that reduce expenses
Selection for multiple traits
Genomic selection: the latest revolution
Effective use of genomics: sire selection
Effective use of genomics: replacement heifer selection
Novel traits in the genomics era
Managing inbreeding and genetic diversity
Final remarks
References
7 - Physiology of lactation in dairy cattle-challenges to sustainable production
Current state of affairs
Mammary growth and function
Nutrition and metabolism
Reproduction
Genetic innovations
Animal health and well-being
Housing and monitoring
References
8 - Reproductive management of dairy cattle.
Introduction
Control of the reproductive cycle
Foundation principles of a reproductive program
Sequential development and efficacy of reproductive management programs
OvSynch
PreSynchPGF2α-OvSynch
PreSynch using GnRH before-OvSynch
Additional refinements to TAI programs
Supplemental progesterone (P4)
Two injections of PGF
Reduction of follicle dominance in timed AI protocol
TAI in dairy heifers
Resynchronization for TAI in cows diagnosed non-pregnant to first TAI
Economic and sustainable outcomes of reproductive management
Economic
TAI/bull breeding
TAI/seasonal breeding
Dairy heifers
Lactating dairy cows
Sustainability of reproductive performance
References
9 - Nutrition and feeding of dairy cattle
Introduction
Dairy calf and heifer nutrition and development
Why are dairy calves needed?
Colostrum
Colostrum quality and feeding
Environmental effects on colostrum
Breed and parity effects
Pasteurization
Colostrum replacers and supplements
Storage of colostrum
Milk and milk replacer feeding
Milk in the digestive tract
Milk replacer types
Calf starter grain
Water
New developments in calf feeding
Feeding the post-weaned heifer
Precision feeding
Nutrition of the dairy cow
Water
Protein and amino acids
Amino acids
Protein synchronization
Metabolizable protein
Rumen-protected amino acids
Future directions
Recommendations
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrate types
Microbial fermentation
Carbohydrate and protein utilization in the rumen
Carbohydrate processing
Energetics
Recommendations
Fat
Types of fat
Rumen-active fats
Incomplete biohydrogenation
Rumen-inert fats
Fat digestion
How to feed fat
What to expect
Minerals
Macrominerals to consider when formulating dairy cow diets.
Calcium
Phosphorus
Potassium
Magnesium
Sodium
Chloride
Sulfur
Microminerals to consider when formulating dairy cow diets
Copper
Iodine
Iron
Manganese
Molybdenum
Zinc
Selenium
Vitamins
Vitamin A
Vitamin D
Vitamin E
Niacin
Biotin
Feed additives
Ionophores
Probiotics
Rumen buffers
Sodium butyrate
Essential oils
Practical dairy cattle feeding
Diet balancing
Bunk space
Water
Cow comfort
Consistency
Feeding
What drives intake?
Dry cow feeding
Conclusion
References
III - Sheep and goat production
10 - Genetics and breeding of sheep and goats
Introduction
Sheep and goat domestication
Breed classification
Genomic basis for breed variation
Lamb production
Meat production
Health
Horn phenotype
Genetic evaluation and genomic selection
Sheep and goat breeding programs
Breeding aims
Conversion of historic wool-producing industries in NZ to effective meat production38
Selection for milk production in dairy sheep and goats in France
Using breeds and crosses in the stratified system of the UK sheep industry
USA: an industry in transition - reversing from wool to meat production
Israel: applying selection, crossbreeding and gene introgression in breeding under diverse management conditions
Advanced technologies related to small ruminant breeding
Cloning
Transgenesis
Gene editing
Breeding for feed efficiency and low methane emission using rumen microbiome genetics
Conclusions
References
11 - Reproductive physiology of sheep (Ovis aries) and goats (Capra aegagrus hircus)
Introduction
History of sheep
Comparison of sheep with goats2,3
Puberty2,3
Seasonal breeding2,3
Reproductive tract anatomy
Female reproductive tract4.
Reproductive tract anatomy of the ram and buck4
Estrous cycles of goats and ewes2,3
Estrous cycles and luteolysis2,3
Pregnancy in does and ewes5,6
Conceptus development in sheep during the peri-implantation period of pregnancy5,6
Pregnancy in ewes
Chorionic somatomammotropin hormone 1 (CSH1)
Parturition in ewes and goats
References
12 - Reproductive management of sheep and goats
Introduction
Background
Intensive versus extensive production
Description of variability in global production
Breeding systems
Annual
Opportunistic
Accelerated
Genetic selection
Fertility and fecundity
Pre-breeding
Pre-breeding evaluation
Pre-breeding management of the female
Pre-breeding management of the male
Breeding season
Single sire versus multi sire mating
Length of season
Seasonality
Seasonal versus aseasonal
Managing for aseasonal production
Gestation
Proper nutrition and weight management
Pregnancy determination
Shearing and crutching
Lambing and kidding
Range lambing/kidding
Shed lambing/kidding
Birthing
Weaning
When to wean
How to wean
Dairy
Advanced reproductive technology
Artificial insemination (AI)
Embryo transfer
Conclusion
References
13 - Sustainable sheep and goat production through strategic nutritional management and advanced technologies
Forages and grazing systems for sustainable farming practices
Sustainable intensification in grazing lands
Role of small ruminants within future landscapes
Functional nutrition and management strategies
Technological advancements and future directives
Digital technologies
Advances in plant genetics and breeding
Omics technologies
Concluding statements
References
IV - Swine production
14 - Modern genetic and genomic improvement of the pig.
Introduction.