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Table of Contents
Intro
Fruit Crops: Diagnosis and Management of Nutrient Constraints
Copyright
Contents
Contributors
Editors biography
Preface
Chapter 1: Fruits and nutritional security
1. General
2. Fruits
2.1. Nutritional components of fruits
2.1.1. Lipids
2.1.2. Water
2.1.3. Proteins
2.1.4. Carbohydrates
2.1.5. Ascorbic acid (vitamin C)
2.1.6. Folic acid
2.1.7. Potassium
2.2. Bioactive compounds in fruits
2.2.1. Phytochemicals
2.2.2. Phenolics
2.2.3. Phenolic acid
2.2.4. Flavonoids
2.2.5. Tannins
2.2.6. Anthocyanins
3. Therapeutic benefits of fruits
3.1. Anticancer properties
3.2. Cardiovascular protection
3.3. Hypercholesterolemia
3.4. Brain health
3.5. Immunity
3.6. Diabetes
3.7. Infectious diseases
4. Conclusion
5. Future perspectives
References
Further reading
Chapter 2: Nutrient density of fruit crops as a function of soil fertility
1. Defining nutrient density and its importance
2. Soil fertility and nutrient-dense crops
2.1. Crop nutrition and fruit composition
2.2. Wastewater irrigation and fertilization
2.3. Hydroponics
2.4. Organic fertilization
2.5. Fruiting disorders and nutrient composition
2.5.1. Rootstocks
2.5.2. Mycorrhizal associations and fruit composition
3. Future research
References
Further reading
Chapter 3: Nutrient redistribution in fruit crops: Physiological implications
1. Introduction
2. Nutritional requirements in fruit plants
2.1. Macronutrients
2.2. Micronutrients
3. Nutrient dynamics in fruit plants
3.1. Nutrient uptake
3.2. Nutrient redistribution in the plant
3.3. Nutrient recycling by green manure
4. The role of silicon in fruit plant nutrition
5. Association with microorganisms
6. Future line of research
References
Further reading.
Chapter 4: Plant nutrition and physiological disorders in fruit crops
1. Introduction
2. Definition of physiological disorders
3. Classification of physiological disorders
4. Visual symptoms of nutrient deficiency disorders
5. Visual symptoms of some important physiological disorders
5.1. Alternate bearing
5.2. Fruit drop
5.3. Fruit splitting or cracking
5.4. Cold pitting (peel pitting)
5.5. Puffing
5.6. Creasing (albedo breakdown)
5.7. Navel rind stain (rind breakdown)
5.8. Oleocellosis
5.9. Granulation
5.10. Predicting disorder incidence
6. Causes and management of important physiological disorders
6.1. Alternate bearing
6.1.1. Causes
6.1.2. Control
6.2. Fruit drop
6.2.1. Causes
6.2.2. Control
6.3. Fruit splitting or cracking
6.3.1. Causes
6.3.2. Control
6.4. Cold pitting (peel pitting)
6.4.1. Causes
6.4.2. Control
6.5. Puffing
6.5.1. Causes
6.5.2. Control
6.6. Creasing
6.6.1. Causes
6.6.2. Control
6.7. Navel rind stain (rind breakdown)
6.7.1. Control
6.8. Oleocellosis
6.8.1. Causes
6.8.2. Control
6.9. Granulation
6.9.1. Causes
6.9.2. Control
7. Future lines of research
References
Chapter 5: Ecophysiology of fruit crops: A glance at its impact on fruit crop productivity
1. Introduction
2. Light
3. Temperature
4. Water
5. Wind
6. Future line of research
7. Conclusion
References
Further reading
Chapter 6: Estimating carbon fixation in fruit crops
1. Introduction
2. Citrus trees carbon sequestration capability
2.1. Experimental site, culture practice, and experimental design
2.2. Sample collection and measurements
2.3. Direct measurements of carbon sequestration components
2.4. Statistical analysis
3. Carbon capture of long residence woody, leaf, fruit, and roots.
4. Contribution of different fruit orchards to carbon storage
5. Future line of research
References
Chapter 7: Effects of climate change on fruit nutrition
1. Introduction
2. Notable changes in climate for fruit nutrition
3. Effects of climate change on crops
4. Effects of climate change on fruit nutrition
4.1. Effects of climate change on apple quality
4.2. Effects of climate change on banana quality
4.3. Effects of climate change on grape quality
4.4. Effects of climate change on orange quality
4.5. Effects of climate change on watermelon quality
5. Conclusion
6. Future research
References
Chapter 8: NIR spectroscopy and management of bioactive components, antioxidant activity, and macronutrients in fruits
1. Daily fruit consumption and composition
2. Near-infrared spectroscopy
3. Chemometrics
4. Near-infrared spectroscopy measurement of fruits
4.1. Practical application of NIR spectroscopy related to multivariate analysis
5. Near-infrared scan of different fruits
5.1. Qualitative analysis
5.2. Quantitative analysis
6. Conclusion and future directions
References
Chapter 9: Role of sensors in fruit nutrition
1. Introduction
2. Sensors based in vibrational spectroscopy
2.1. Near- and mid-infrared spectroscopy
2.2. Hyperspectral spectroscopy
3. Data and information: Multivariate data analysis
4. Applications
4.1. Nitrogen status in plants and fruits
4.2. Water-dry matter
4.3. Other macro and trace elements
5. Final considerations
Acknowledgments
References
Further reading
Chapter 10: Omics in fruit nutrition: Concepts and application
1. Introduction
2. Biofortified and nutritionally enhanced food crops
3. Omics
4. Transgenic fruit crops
4.1. Methods of analysis
4.2. Bioinformatics
4.3. Databases.
5. Omics in nutrition
5.1. Foodomics
5.2. Acceptance issues
6. Future research trends and needs
7. Summary
References
Further reading
Chapter 11: Leaf analysis as diagnostic tool for balanced fertilization in tropical fruits
1. Introduction
2. Basic aspects of foliar diagnosis
2.1. Visual diagnosis
2.1.1. Dispersion
2.1.2. Symmetry
2.1.3. Gradient
2.2. Foliar diagnosis
2.2.1. Deficient zone or range
2.2.2. Transition zone or range
2.2.3. Luxury consumption zone or range
2.2.4. Toxicity range
3. Criteria for leaf sampling
4. Sampling preparation and chemical analysis
5. Leaf diagnosis of fruit trees
5.1. Conventional method (critical level or adequate range)
5.2. Leaf contentxproduction/yield
5.3. DRIS and CND methods
6. Leaf diagnosis using alternative methods
6.1. Sap analysis
6.2. Biochemical tests
6.3. Chlorophyll concentration
References
Further reading
Chapter 12: Diagnosis of nutrient composition in fruit crops: Major developments
1. Introduction
2. Diagnostic methods
2.1. Early evidence of physiological balances between nutrients
2.2. Critical nutrient concentrations and concentration ranges
2.3. Weighted nutrient diagnosis
3. Nutrient balances as dual or stoichiometric ratios
3.1. Nutrient ratios
3.2. Diagnosis and recommendation integrated system
4. Compositional nutrient diagnosis
4.1. Centered log ratios
4.2. Isometric log ratios
5. Data partitioning
6. New lines of research
6.1. Customized nutrient balance designs
6.2. Total analysis versus extracted forms
6.3. Box-Cox coefficients
6.4. How physiologically meaningful is nutrient numerical ordering?
6.5. What is the minimum nutrient dosage to recover from nutrient imbalance?
6.6. Ionomics, biofortification, and fruit quality.
6.7. Big data, machine learning, and artificial intelligence
References
Web references
Chapter 13: Floral analysis in fruit crops: A potential tool for nutrient constraints diagnosis
1. Plant response to nutrient concentration
2. Nutrient deficiency symptom diagnosis
3. Floral analysis in fruit crops: Sampling and analysis
3.1. Sampling
3.1.1. Leaf sample timing
3.1.2. Leaf sampling technique
3.2. Handling and analysis of leaf samples
4. Floral analysis in fruit crops: Results interpretation and nutrient constraints diagnosis
4.1. Result interpretation
4.2. Nutrient constraint diagnosis and recommendation
5. Floral analysis in fruit crops: Combining use of the soil testing
References
Chapter 14: Calcium nutrition in fruit crops: Agronomic and physiological implications
1. Introduction
2. Environmental factors affecting crop germination
2.1. Water
2.2. Temperature
2.3. Oxygen
2.4. Light
3. Nutrient feeding of crops
4. Applications of calcium nutrition in fruit crops
5. Calcium mineral evaluation after migration in fruits
6. Nanotechnological nutrition in fruit crops
7. Foliar application
8. Plant growth responses of nanoparticles applied to soil
8.1. Nanoparticles of macronutrients
8.2. Nanoparticles of micronutrients
9. Nanoparticles and side effects applied to soil
10. Future research
References
Further reading
Chapter 15: Boron deficiency in fruit crops
1. Introduction
2. Chemical behavior and nature of boron
3. Factors affecting availability of boron in fruit crops
3.1. Soil properties
3.2. Change of root behaviors
3.3. Grafting
3.4. Biostimulators
3.5. Mycorrhizal fungi
4. Sensitivity of fruit crops, boron deficiency and diseases
5. Importance of boron with reference to sink-source relationship.
6. Boron functionality.
Fruit Crops: Diagnosis and Management of Nutrient Constraints
Copyright
Contents
Contributors
Editors biography
Preface
Chapter 1: Fruits and nutritional security
1. General
2. Fruits
2.1. Nutritional components of fruits
2.1.1. Lipids
2.1.2. Water
2.1.3. Proteins
2.1.4. Carbohydrates
2.1.5. Ascorbic acid (vitamin C)
2.1.6. Folic acid
2.1.7. Potassium
2.2. Bioactive compounds in fruits
2.2.1. Phytochemicals
2.2.2. Phenolics
2.2.3. Phenolic acid
2.2.4. Flavonoids
2.2.5. Tannins
2.2.6. Anthocyanins
3. Therapeutic benefits of fruits
3.1. Anticancer properties
3.2. Cardiovascular protection
3.3. Hypercholesterolemia
3.4. Brain health
3.5. Immunity
3.6. Diabetes
3.7. Infectious diseases
4. Conclusion
5. Future perspectives
References
Further reading
Chapter 2: Nutrient density of fruit crops as a function of soil fertility
1. Defining nutrient density and its importance
2. Soil fertility and nutrient-dense crops
2.1. Crop nutrition and fruit composition
2.2. Wastewater irrigation and fertilization
2.3. Hydroponics
2.4. Organic fertilization
2.5. Fruiting disorders and nutrient composition
2.5.1. Rootstocks
2.5.2. Mycorrhizal associations and fruit composition
3. Future research
References
Further reading
Chapter 3: Nutrient redistribution in fruit crops: Physiological implications
1. Introduction
2. Nutritional requirements in fruit plants
2.1. Macronutrients
2.2. Micronutrients
3. Nutrient dynamics in fruit plants
3.1. Nutrient uptake
3.2. Nutrient redistribution in the plant
3.3. Nutrient recycling by green manure
4. The role of silicon in fruit plant nutrition
5. Association with microorganisms
6. Future line of research
References
Further reading.
Chapter 4: Plant nutrition and physiological disorders in fruit crops
1. Introduction
2. Definition of physiological disorders
3. Classification of physiological disorders
4. Visual symptoms of nutrient deficiency disorders
5. Visual symptoms of some important physiological disorders
5.1. Alternate bearing
5.2. Fruit drop
5.3. Fruit splitting or cracking
5.4. Cold pitting (peel pitting)
5.5. Puffing
5.6. Creasing (albedo breakdown)
5.7. Navel rind stain (rind breakdown)
5.8. Oleocellosis
5.9. Granulation
5.10. Predicting disorder incidence
6. Causes and management of important physiological disorders
6.1. Alternate bearing
6.1.1. Causes
6.1.2. Control
6.2. Fruit drop
6.2.1. Causes
6.2.2. Control
6.3. Fruit splitting or cracking
6.3.1. Causes
6.3.2. Control
6.4. Cold pitting (peel pitting)
6.4.1. Causes
6.4.2. Control
6.5. Puffing
6.5.1. Causes
6.5.2. Control
6.6. Creasing
6.6.1. Causes
6.6.2. Control
6.7. Navel rind stain (rind breakdown)
6.7.1. Control
6.8. Oleocellosis
6.8.1. Causes
6.8.2. Control
6.9. Granulation
6.9.1. Causes
6.9.2. Control
7. Future lines of research
References
Chapter 5: Ecophysiology of fruit crops: A glance at its impact on fruit crop productivity
1. Introduction
2. Light
3. Temperature
4. Water
5. Wind
6. Future line of research
7. Conclusion
References
Further reading
Chapter 6: Estimating carbon fixation in fruit crops
1. Introduction
2. Citrus trees carbon sequestration capability
2.1. Experimental site, culture practice, and experimental design
2.2. Sample collection and measurements
2.3. Direct measurements of carbon sequestration components
2.4. Statistical analysis
3. Carbon capture of long residence woody, leaf, fruit, and roots.
4. Contribution of different fruit orchards to carbon storage
5. Future line of research
References
Chapter 7: Effects of climate change on fruit nutrition
1. Introduction
2. Notable changes in climate for fruit nutrition
3. Effects of climate change on crops
4. Effects of climate change on fruit nutrition
4.1. Effects of climate change on apple quality
4.2. Effects of climate change on banana quality
4.3. Effects of climate change on grape quality
4.4. Effects of climate change on orange quality
4.5. Effects of climate change on watermelon quality
5. Conclusion
6. Future research
References
Chapter 8: NIR spectroscopy and management of bioactive components, antioxidant activity, and macronutrients in fruits
1. Daily fruit consumption and composition
2. Near-infrared spectroscopy
3. Chemometrics
4. Near-infrared spectroscopy measurement of fruits
4.1. Practical application of NIR spectroscopy related to multivariate analysis
5. Near-infrared scan of different fruits
5.1. Qualitative analysis
5.2. Quantitative analysis
6. Conclusion and future directions
References
Chapter 9: Role of sensors in fruit nutrition
1. Introduction
2. Sensors based in vibrational spectroscopy
2.1. Near- and mid-infrared spectroscopy
2.2. Hyperspectral spectroscopy
3. Data and information: Multivariate data analysis
4. Applications
4.1. Nitrogen status in plants and fruits
4.2. Water-dry matter
4.3. Other macro and trace elements
5. Final considerations
Acknowledgments
References
Further reading
Chapter 10: Omics in fruit nutrition: Concepts and application
1. Introduction
2. Biofortified and nutritionally enhanced food crops
3. Omics
4. Transgenic fruit crops
4.1. Methods of analysis
4.2. Bioinformatics
4.3. Databases.
5. Omics in nutrition
5.1. Foodomics
5.2. Acceptance issues
6. Future research trends and needs
7. Summary
References
Further reading
Chapter 11: Leaf analysis as diagnostic tool for balanced fertilization in tropical fruits
1. Introduction
2. Basic aspects of foliar diagnosis
2.1. Visual diagnosis
2.1.1. Dispersion
2.1.2. Symmetry
2.1.3. Gradient
2.2. Foliar diagnosis
2.2.1. Deficient zone or range
2.2.2. Transition zone or range
2.2.3. Luxury consumption zone or range
2.2.4. Toxicity range
3. Criteria for leaf sampling
4. Sampling preparation and chemical analysis
5. Leaf diagnosis of fruit trees
5.1. Conventional method (critical level or adequate range)
5.2. Leaf contentxproduction/yield
5.3. DRIS and CND methods
6. Leaf diagnosis using alternative methods
6.1. Sap analysis
6.2. Biochemical tests
6.3. Chlorophyll concentration
References
Further reading
Chapter 12: Diagnosis of nutrient composition in fruit crops: Major developments
1. Introduction
2. Diagnostic methods
2.1. Early evidence of physiological balances between nutrients
2.2. Critical nutrient concentrations and concentration ranges
2.3. Weighted nutrient diagnosis
3. Nutrient balances as dual or stoichiometric ratios
3.1. Nutrient ratios
3.2. Diagnosis and recommendation integrated system
4. Compositional nutrient diagnosis
4.1. Centered log ratios
4.2. Isometric log ratios
5. Data partitioning
6. New lines of research
6.1. Customized nutrient balance designs
6.2. Total analysis versus extracted forms
6.3. Box-Cox coefficients
6.4. How physiologically meaningful is nutrient numerical ordering?
6.5. What is the minimum nutrient dosage to recover from nutrient imbalance?
6.6. Ionomics, biofortification, and fruit quality.
6.7. Big data, machine learning, and artificial intelligence
References
Web references
Chapter 13: Floral analysis in fruit crops: A potential tool for nutrient constraints diagnosis
1. Plant response to nutrient concentration
2. Nutrient deficiency symptom diagnosis
3. Floral analysis in fruit crops: Sampling and analysis
3.1. Sampling
3.1.1. Leaf sample timing
3.1.2. Leaf sampling technique
3.2. Handling and analysis of leaf samples
4. Floral analysis in fruit crops: Results interpretation and nutrient constraints diagnosis
4.1. Result interpretation
4.2. Nutrient constraint diagnosis and recommendation
5. Floral analysis in fruit crops: Combining use of the soil testing
References
Chapter 14: Calcium nutrition in fruit crops: Agronomic and physiological implications
1. Introduction
2. Environmental factors affecting crop germination
2.1. Water
2.2. Temperature
2.3. Oxygen
2.4. Light
3. Nutrient feeding of crops
4. Applications of calcium nutrition in fruit crops
5. Calcium mineral evaluation after migration in fruits
6. Nanotechnological nutrition in fruit crops
7. Foliar application
8. Plant growth responses of nanoparticles applied to soil
8.1. Nanoparticles of macronutrients
8.2. Nanoparticles of micronutrients
9. Nanoparticles and side effects applied to soil
10. Future research
References
Further reading
Chapter 15: Boron deficiency in fruit crops
1. Introduction
2. Chemical behavior and nature of boron
3. Factors affecting availability of boron in fruit crops
3.1. Soil properties
3.2. Change of root behaviors
3.3. Grafting
3.4. Biostimulators
3.5. Mycorrhizal fungi
4. Sensitivity of fruit crops, boron deficiency and diseases
5. Importance of boron with reference to sink-source relationship.
6. Boron functionality.