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HANDBOOK OF THE BEHAVIORAL NEUROBIOLOGY OF SEROTONIN
HANDBOOK OF THE BEHAVIORAL NEUROBIOLOGY OF SEROTONIN
Copyright
Contents
Contributors
Preface
I - Functional anatomy of the serotonergic system
1 - Evolution of serotonin: sunlight to suicide
I. INTRODUCTION
A Amino acid
B Tryptophan derivatives
II. SEROTONIN
A Biosynthesis
1 Primitive hydroxylase enzymes
B Decarboxylase
1 The second enzyme in serotonin decarboxylase
2 Cofactors
C Presence of serotonin
1 The plant kingdom
2 The animal kingdom
D Receptors
E 5-HT function
F Trophic actions
1 Seasonal affective disorder and suicides
III. SUMMARY
Acknowledgments
References
2 - From B1 to B9: a guide through hindbrain serotonin neurons with additional views from multidimensional characte ...
I. INTRODUCTION
II. EMBRYOGENESIS: INDIVIDUALIZATION OF THE B1-B9 CLUSTERS FROM THE DIFFERENT RHOMBOMERES
III. THE B9 CELL GROUP: SUPRALEMNISCAL AND PEDUNCULOPONTINE NUCLEI
IV. THE B7 AND B6 CELL GROUPS IN THE DORSAL RAPHE NUCLEI
V. THE B5 AND B8 CELL GROUPS IN THE MEDIAN RAPHE NUCLEUS
VI. THE B4 CELL GROUP: SUPRAGENUAL NUCLEUS
VII. THE B3 CELL GROUP
VIII. THE B2, THE RAPHE OBSCURUS AND B1, THE RAPHE PALLIDUS
IX. CONCLUDING REMARKS
References
3 - Serotonin system function, organization, and feedback
I. SEROTONIN FUNCTION
II. MODULES OF SEROTONIN NEURONS FOR SPECIALIZED FUNCTION
III. SEROTONIN FEEDBACK
IV. CONCLUSIONS
Acknowledgments
References
4 - Ultrastructure of the serotonin innervation in mammalian central nervous system
I. INTRODUCTION
II. 5-HT CELL BODIES AND DENDRITES
III. 5-HT INNERVATION OF THE FOREBRAIN
A Cerebral cortex
B Hippocampus
C Olfactory bulb
D Basal forebrain
E Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis
F Amygdala.
G Striatum
H Nucleus accumbens
I Globus pallidus
J Thalamus
K Zona incerta
L Subthalamic nucleus
M Hypothalamus
N Circumventricular organs
O Supraependymal plexus
IV. 5-HT INNERVATION OF THE BRAINSTEM
A Substantia nigra
B Ventral tegmental area
C Nucleus interpeduncularis
D Red nucleus
E Oculomotor nucleus
F Superior colliculus
G Dorsal periaqueductal and central gray
H Dorsal raphe nucleus
I Locus coeruleus
J Mesopontine tegmentum
K Paragigantocellularis lateralis and paratrigeminal nuclei
L Trigeminal nuclei
M Facial motor nucleus
N Ambiguous nucleus
O Nucleus of the solitary tract
P Inferior olivary complex
Q Dorsal column nuclei
V. 5-HT INNERVATION OF THE CEREBELLUM
VI. 5-HT INNERVATION OF THE SPINAL CORD
VII. CONCLUDING REMARKS
Acknowledgments
References
5 - Classification and signaling characteristics of 5-HT receptors: toward the concept of 5-HT receptosomes
I. INTRODUCTION
II. THE FOUR 5-HT RECEPTOR CLASSES DISCOVERED BEFORE THE CLONING ERA
A 5-HT1 class
B 5-HT2 class
C 5-HT3 class
D 5-HT4 receptor
III. THE THREE 5-HT RECEPTOR CLASSES DISCOVERED BY HOMOLOGY CLONING
A 5-HT5 receptors
B 5-HT6 receptor
C 5-HT7 receptor
IV. SOME LIGHT ON THE PHARMACOLOGY AND SIGNALING OF 5-HT RECEPTORS GIVEN BY THEIR 3D STRUCTURE
V. GENE STRUCTURE OF 5-HT RECEPTORS AND EDITING
VI. CANONICAL SIGNALING EVENTS ENGAGED BY 5-HT RECEPTORS
5-HT1A receptor
B 5-HT1B/D/E/F receptors
C 5-HT2A receptor
D 5-HT2B receptor
E 5-HT2C receptor
F 5-HT3 receptors
G 5-HT4 receptor
H 5-HT5A receptor
I 5-HT6 receptor
J 5-HT7 receptor
VII. HOMO AND HETERODIMERIZATION OF 5-HT RECEPTORS AND THEIR CONSEQUENCES ON 5-HT RECEPTOR SIGNALING AND FUNCTIONS.
VIII. 5-HT RECEPTOR-INTERACTING PROTEINS AND THEIR ROLE IN 5-HT RECEPTOR-OPERATED SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION AND FUNCTIONS
A 5-HT1A receptor
B 5-HT1B receptor
C 5-HT2A receptor
D 5-HT2B receptor
E 5-HT2C receptor
F 5-HT4 receptor
G 5-HT6 receptor
H 5-HT7 receptor
IX. CONCLUDING REMARKS
Acknowledgments
References
6 - Distribution of 5-HT receptors in the central nervous system: an update
I. INTRODUCTION
II. 5-HT1A RECEPTORS
III. 5-HT1B RECEPTORS
IV. 5-HT1D RECEPTORS
V. 5-HT1E RECEPTORS
VI. 5-HT1F RECEPTORS
VII. 5-HT2A RECEPTORS
VIII. 5-HT2B RECEPTORS
IX. 5-HT2C RECEPTORS
X. 5-HT3 RECEPTORS
XI. 5-HT4 RECEPTORS
XII. 5-HT5A RECEPTORS
XIII. 5-HT5B RECEPTORS
XIV. 5-HT6 RECEPTORS
XV. 5-HT7 RECEPTORS
XVI. DISCUSSION
References
7 - The serotonin2B receptor and neurochemical regulation in the brain
I. INTRODUCTION
II. THE CENTRAL 5-HT2BR: BRAIN LOCALIZATION AND PHARMACOLOGY
A Brain localization
B Pharmacology
III. ROLE OF THE CENTRAL 5-HT2BR IN THE CONTROL OF THE 5-HT AND DA NETWORK
A Regulation of 5-HT neuron activity
B Regulation of DA neuron activity
1 Regulation of DA neuron activity by 5-HT2BR antagonists: basal conditions
2 Regulation of DA neuron activity by 5-HT2BR antagonists:activated conditions
IV. CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES
Acknowledgments
References
8 - Electrochemical detection of serotonin release in rodents
I. INTRODUCTION
II. RAPID MEASUREMENT OF SEROTONIN IN VIVO
A Functional neuroanatomy of the serotonin system
B Heterogeneity and colocalization with other neurotransmitters in the dorsal raphe nucleus
C Complexity of serotonin neurotransmission
D Measurement of serotonin in vivo
III. FSCV: GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND SELECTIVITY.
A Selectivity of neurochemical detection with fast-scan cyclic voltammetry
B Selectivity of detection: serotonin versus dopamine
IV. APPLICATION OF FSCV TO MEASURE SEROTONIN
A Results from studies applying serotonin fast-scan cyclic voltammetry
B Substantia nigra, pars reticulata
C Hypothalamus
D Cortex
E Dorsal raphe nucleus
F Limitations of serotonin fast-scan cyclic voltammetry
G Novel frontiers in tool development for the investigation of serotonin
V. FAST-SCAN CONTROLLED-ADSORPTION VOLTAMMETRY
VI. MEASUREMENT OF THE AMBIENT EXTRACELLULAR CONCENTRATION OF SEROTONIN
VII. FUTURE PROSPECTS
VIII. CONCLUSION
References
9 - Molecular neuroimaging of the serotonergic system with Positron Emission Tomography
I. INTRODUCTION
II. PRINCIPLE OF PET IMAGING
III. RADIOLIGANDS
A Radioligand properties
B 5-HT1A receptor
C 5-HT2A receptor
D Serotonin transporter
E Monoamine oxidase A
F 5-HT1B, 5-HT2C, 5-HT4, and 5-HT7 receptor
G Serotonin synthesis
H Molecular neuroimaging applications
I Estimation of receptor occupancy
J Major depressive disorder
K Anxiety disorders
IV. CONCLUSION
References
II - The neurophysiology of serotonin
10 - Serotonergic control of excitability: from neuron to networks
I. INTRODUCTION
A Serotonergic control of neuronal excitability
1 5-HT receptor and the intracellular signaling pathways
2 5-HT receptor and the control of neuronal excitability of 5-HT neurons
5-HT1A, 5-HT2B, and 5-HT2C receptors
3 5-HT receptors and the control of neuronal excitability
4 Combination of 5-HT receptors in the control of neuronal excitability
5 Concluding remarks
B Serotonergic control of neurobiological networks
1 5-HT shapes neurobiological networks
2 Multiple 5-HT receptors contribution in a control of a network.
3 The state-dependent activity of the 5-HT influences
4 Tonic and phasic controls exerted by the 5-HT systems
5 Constitutive activity of 5-HT receptors and neuronal excitability
C 5-HT controls and epilepsy
1 5-HT and epilepsy
2 5-HT2 receptor subtypes and epilepsy
3 5-HT modulation of the thalamocortical network
II. CONCLUSIONS
Acknowledgments
References
11 - Structure and function of serotonin GPCR heteromers
I. INTRODUCTION
II. GENERAL FEATURES OF GPCRS
III. HETEROTRIMERIC G PROTEINS
A Gα protein subfamilies
B Gβ and Gγ proteins
IV. GPCR-G PROTEIN COUPLING
A Agonist activation of GPCRs
B G protein coupling
V. SEROTONIN RECEPTORS
A 5-HT homomeric and heteromeric receptor complexes
B Functional significance of 5-HT receptor complex formation
VI. STRUCTURE OF FAMILY A GPCR OLIGOMERS
A Extracellular domains
B Transmembrane domains
C Intracellular interactions
VII. MATURATION AND TRAFFICKING OF GPCR OLIGOMERS
VIII. PLASTICITY/STABILITY OF GPCR OLIGOMERS
IX. AGONISM AND FUNCTIONAL CROSS-TALK
A Heteromer-biased signaling
B Functional cross-talk
C Bivalent ligands
X. 5-HT2A-MGLU2 HETEROMER
A Structural features of the 5-HT2A-mGlu2 receptor heteromeric complex
B Functional consequences of 5-HT2A-mGlu2 heteromerization
XI. 5-HT2A-D2 HETEROMER
A Signaling of D2 receptors
B Identification of D2/5-HT2A receptor heteromeric complexes
C Structural characteristics of D2/5-HT2A receptor heteromers
D Functional characteristics of D2/5-HT2A receptor heteromers
E Clinical implications of D2R/5-HT2AR heteromers
XII. 5-HT2A-5HT2C HETEROMER
XIII. 5-HT1A-5-HT7 HETEROMER
XIV. FUTURE DIRECTIONS
Acknowledgments
References
12 - Tryptophan hydroxylase and serotonin synthesis regulation
I SEROTONIN BIOSYNTHESIS.
II. TURNOVER RATE OF 5-HT.
HANDBOOK OF THE BEHAVIORAL NEUROBIOLOGY OF SEROTONIN
HANDBOOK OF THE BEHAVIORAL NEUROBIOLOGY OF SEROTONIN
Copyright
Contents
Contributors
Preface
I - Functional anatomy of the serotonergic system
1 - Evolution of serotonin: sunlight to suicide
I. INTRODUCTION
A Amino acid
B Tryptophan derivatives
II. SEROTONIN
A Biosynthesis
1 Primitive hydroxylase enzymes
B Decarboxylase
1 The second enzyme in serotonin decarboxylase
2 Cofactors
C Presence of serotonin
1 The plant kingdom
2 The animal kingdom
D Receptors
E 5-HT function
F Trophic actions
1 Seasonal affective disorder and suicides
III. SUMMARY
Acknowledgments
References
2 - From B1 to B9: a guide through hindbrain serotonin neurons with additional views from multidimensional characte ...
I. INTRODUCTION
II. EMBRYOGENESIS: INDIVIDUALIZATION OF THE B1-B9 CLUSTERS FROM THE DIFFERENT RHOMBOMERES
III. THE B9 CELL GROUP: SUPRALEMNISCAL AND PEDUNCULOPONTINE NUCLEI
IV. THE B7 AND B6 CELL GROUPS IN THE DORSAL RAPHE NUCLEI
V. THE B5 AND B8 CELL GROUPS IN THE MEDIAN RAPHE NUCLEUS
VI. THE B4 CELL GROUP: SUPRAGENUAL NUCLEUS
VII. THE B3 CELL GROUP
VIII. THE B2, THE RAPHE OBSCURUS AND B1, THE RAPHE PALLIDUS
IX. CONCLUDING REMARKS
References
3 - Serotonin system function, organization, and feedback
I. SEROTONIN FUNCTION
II. MODULES OF SEROTONIN NEURONS FOR SPECIALIZED FUNCTION
III. SEROTONIN FEEDBACK
IV. CONCLUSIONS
Acknowledgments
References
4 - Ultrastructure of the serotonin innervation in mammalian central nervous system
I. INTRODUCTION
II. 5-HT CELL BODIES AND DENDRITES
III. 5-HT INNERVATION OF THE FOREBRAIN
A Cerebral cortex
B Hippocampus
C Olfactory bulb
D Basal forebrain
E Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis
F Amygdala.
G Striatum
H Nucleus accumbens
I Globus pallidus
J Thalamus
K Zona incerta
L Subthalamic nucleus
M Hypothalamus
N Circumventricular organs
O Supraependymal plexus
IV. 5-HT INNERVATION OF THE BRAINSTEM
A Substantia nigra
B Ventral tegmental area
C Nucleus interpeduncularis
D Red nucleus
E Oculomotor nucleus
F Superior colliculus
G Dorsal periaqueductal and central gray
H Dorsal raphe nucleus
I Locus coeruleus
J Mesopontine tegmentum
K Paragigantocellularis lateralis and paratrigeminal nuclei
L Trigeminal nuclei
M Facial motor nucleus
N Ambiguous nucleus
O Nucleus of the solitary tract
P Inferior olivary complex
Q Dorsal column nuclei
V. 5-HT INNERVATION OF THE CEREBELLUM
VI. 5-HT INNERVATION OF THE SPINAL CORD
VII. CONCLUDING REMARKS
Acknowledgments
References
5 - Classification and signaling characteristics of 5-HT receptors: toward the concept of 5-HT receptosomes
I. INTRODUCTION
II. THE FOUR 5-HT RECEPTOR CLASSES DISCOVERED BEFORE THE CLONING ERA
A 5-HT1 class
B 5-HT2 class
C 5-HT3 class
D 5-HT4 receptor
III. THE THREE 5-HT RECEPTOR CLASSES DISCOVERED BY HOMOLOGY CLONING
A 5-HT5 receptors
B 5-HT6 receptor
C 5-HT7 receptor
IV. SOME LIGHT ON THE PHARMACOLOGY AND SIGNALING OF 5-HT RECEPTORS GIVEN BY THEIR 3D STRUCTURE
V. GENE STRUCTURE OF 5-HT RECEPTORS AND EDITING
VI. CANONICAL SIGNALING EVENTS ENGAGED BY 5-HT RECEPTORS
5-HT1A receptor
B 5-HT1B/D/E/F receptors
C 5-HT2A receptor
D 5-HT2B receptor
E 5-HT2C receptor
F 5-HT3 receptors
G 5-HT4 receptor
H 5-HT5A receptor
I 5-HT6 receptor
J 5-HT7 receptor
VII. HOMO AND HETERODIMERIZATION OF 5-HT RECEPTORS AND THEIR CONSEQUENCES ON 5-HT RECEPTOR SIGNALING AND FUNCTIONS.
VIII. 5-HT RECEPTOR-INTERACTING PROTEINS AND THEIR ROLE IN 5-HT RECEPTOR-OPERATED SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION AND FUNCTIONS
A 5-HT1A receptor
B 5-HT1B receptor
C 5-HT2A receptor
D 5-HT2B receptor
E 5-HT2C receptor
F 5-HT4 receptor
G 5-HT6 receptor
H 5-HT7 receptor
IX. CONCLUDING REMARKS
Acknowledgments
References
6 - Distribution of 5-HT receptors in the central nervous system: an update
I. INTRODUCTION
II. 5-HT1A RECEPTORS
III. 5-HT1B RECEPTORS
IV. 5-HT1D RECEPTORS
V. 5-HT1E RECEPTORS
VI. 5-HT1F RECEPTORS
VII. 5-HT2A RECEPTORS
VIII. 5-HT2B RECEPTORS
IX. 5-HT2C RECEPTORS
X. 5-HT3 RECEPTORS
XI. 5-HT4 RECEPTORS
XII. 5-HT5A RECEPTORS
XIII. 5-HT5B RECEPTORS
XIV. 5-HT6 RECEPTORS
XV. 5-HT7 RECEPTORS
XVI. DISCUSSION
References
7 - The serotonin2B receptor and neurochemical regulation in the brain
I. INTRODUCTION
II. THE CENTRAL 5-HT2BR: BRAIN LOCALIZATION AND PHARMACOLOGY
A Brain localization
B Pharmacology
III. ROLE OF THE CENTRAL 5-HT2BR IN THE CONTROL OF THE 5-HT AND DA NETWORK
A Regulation of 5-HT neuron activity
B Regulation of DA neuron activity
1 Regulation of DA neuron activity by 5-HT2BR antagonists: basal conditions
2 Regulation of DA neuron activity by 5-HT2BR antagonists:activated conditions
IV. CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES
Acknowledgments
References
8 - Electrochemical detection of serotonin release in rodents
I. INTRODUCTION
II. RAPID MEASUREMENT OF SEROTONIN IN VIVO
A Functional neuroanatomy of the serotonin system
B Heterogeneity and colocalization with other neurotransmitters in the dorsal raphe nucleus
C Complexity of serotonin neurotransmission
D Measurement of serotonin in vivo
III. FSCV: GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND SELECTIVITY.
A Selectivity of neurochemical detection with fast-scan cyclic voltammetry
B Selectivity of detection: serotonin versus dopamine
IV. APPLICATION OF FSCV TO MEASURE SEROTONIN
A Results from studies applying serotonin fast-scan cyclic voltammetry
B Substantia nigra, pars reticulata
C Hypothalamus
D Cortex
E Dorsal raphe nucleus
F Limitations of serotonin fast-scan cyclic voltammetry
G Novel frontiers in tool development for the investigation of serotonin
V. FAST-SCAN CONTROLLED-ADSORPTION VOLTAMMETRY
VI. MEASUREMENT OF THE AMBIENT EXTRACELLULAR CONCENTRATION OF SEROTONIN
VII. FUTURE PROSPECTS
VIII. CONCLUSION
References
9 - Molecular neuroimaging of the serotonergic system with Positron Emission Tomography
I. INTRODUCTION
II. PRINCIPLE OF PET IMAGING
III. RADIOLIGANDS
A Radioligand properties
B 5-HT1A receptor
C 5-HT2A receptor
D Serotonin transporter
E Monoamine oxidase A
F 5-HT1B, 5-HT2C, 5-HT4, and 5-HT7 receptor
G Serotonin synthesis
H Molecular neuroimaging applications
I Estimation of receptor occupancy
J Major depressive disorder
K Anxiety disorders
IV. CONCLUSION
References
II - The neurophysiology of serotonin
10 - Serotonergic control of excitability: from neuron to networks
I. INTRODUCTION
A Serotonergic control of neuronal excitability
1 5-HT receptor and the intracellular signaling pathways
2 5-HT receptor and the control of neuronal excitability of 5-HT neurons
5-HT1A, 5-HT2B, and 5-HT2C receptors
3 5-HT receptors and the control of neuronal excitability
4 Combination of 5-HT receptors in the control of neuronal excitability
5 Concluding remarks
B Serotonergic control of neurobiological networks
1 5-HT shapes neurobiological networks
2 Multiple 5-HT receptors contribution in a control of a network.
3 The state-dependent activity of the 5-HT influences
4 Tonic and phasic controls exerted by the 5-HT systems
5 Constitutive activity of 5-HT receptors and neuronal excitability
C 5-HT controls and epilepsy
1 5-HT and epilepsy
2 5-HT2 receptor subtypes and epilepsy
3 5-HT modulation of the thalamocortical network
II. CONCLUSIONS
Acknowledgments
References
11 - Structure and function of serotonin GPCR heteromers
I. INTRODUCTION
II. GENERAL FEATURES OF GPCRS
III. HETEROTRIMERIC G PROTEINS
A Gα protein subfamilies
B Gβ and Gγ proteins
IV. GPCR-G PROTEIN COUPLING
A Agonist activation of GPCRs
B G protein coupling
V. SEROTONIN RECEPTORS
A 5-HT homomeric and heteromeric receptor complexes
B Functional significance of 5-HT receptor complex formation
VI. STRUCTURE OF FAMILY A GPCR OLIGOMERS
A Extracellular domains
B Transmembrane domains
C Intracellular interactions
VII. MATURATION AND TRAFFICKING OF GPCR OLIGOMERS
VIII. PLASTICITY/STABILITY OF GPCR OLIGOMERS
IX. AGONISM AND FUNCTIONAL CROSS-TALK
A Heteromer-biased signaling
B Functional cross-talk
C Bivalent ligands
X. 5-HT2A-MGLU2 HETEROMER
A Structural features of the 5-HT2A-mGlu2 receptor heteromeric complex
B Functional consequences of 5-HT2A-mGlu2 heteromerization
XI. 5-HT2A-D2 HETEROMER
A Signaling of D2 receptors
B Identification of D2/5-HT2A receptor heteromeric complexes
C Structural characteristics of D2/5-HT2A receptor heteromers
D Functional characteristics of D2/5-HT2A receptor heteromers
E Clinical implications of D2R/5-HT2AR heteromers
XII. 5-HT2A-5HT2C HETEROMER
XIII. 5-HT1A-5-HT7 HETEROMER
XIV. FUTURE DIRECTIONS
Acknowledgments
References
12 - Tryptophan hydroxylase and serotonin synthesis regulation
I SEROTONIN BIOSYNTHESIS.
II. TURNOVER RATE OF 5-HT.