Functional and clinical neuroanatomy : guide for health care professionals / Jahangir Moini, M.D., M.P.H. and Pirouz Piran, M.D.

Intro
Functional and Clinical Neuroanatomy: A Guide for Health Care Professionals
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
About the Authors
Preface
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1: Histophysiology
Anatomical divisions of the nervous system
Functional divisions of the nervous system
Neuroglia
Neuroglia of the CNS
Microglia
Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes and myelination
Ependymal cells
Neuroglia of the PNS
Schwann cells
Satellite cells
Neural responses to injuries
Neurons
Functional characteristics of neurons
The structure of neurons
The cell body
Neuron processes
The classification of neurons
Structural classification
Functional classification
Sensory neurons
Motor neurons
Interneurons
Membrane potential
The resting membrane potential
The sodium-potassium exchange pump
Graded potentials
Passive processes: The electrochemical gradient
Membrane channels change resting membrane potential
Passive ion channels
Active ion channels
Action potentials
Threshold and the all-or-none principle Raheleh.Ahangariucf.edu
Generation of action potentials
The refractory period
Functions of the sodium-potassium exchange pump
Action potential propagation
Types of propagation
Continuous propagation
Saltatory propagation
Axon diameter and propagation speed
Synapses
Types of synapses
Electrical synapses
Chemical synapses
Function of chemical synapses
Synaptic delay
Synaptic fatigue
Neuronal integration of excitatory and inhibitory stimuli
Postsynaptic potentials
Integrating postsynaptic potentials: Summation
Spatial summation
Temporal summation
Summation of EPSPs and IPSPs
Presynaptic regulation: Inhibition and facilitation
The rate of action potential generation.

Degeneration and regeneration of nerve cells
Clinical considerations
Myasthenia gravis
Clinical manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Neuroblastoma
Astrocytosis
Gliomas
Astrocytoma
Ependymomas
Pesticide toxicity
Clinical cases
Key terms
Suggested readings
Chapter 2: Embryology
Development of the neural tube
Sensory and motor areas defined by the sulcus limitans
Bulges and flexures of the neural tube
Primary vesicles
Secondary vesicles
Neural crest
Cranial placodes
Medulla spinalis (spinal cord)
Myelencephalon (medulla oblongata)
Metencephalon
Mesencephalon (midbrain)
Diencephalon development
Telencephalon development
Ventricular system
Central nervous system malformation
Clinical considerations
Spina bifida
Spina bifida with meningocele
Spina bifida with myelomeningocele
Clinical manifestations
Treatment
Anencephaly
Encephalocele
Pathophysiology
Clinical manifestations
Treatment
Microcephaly
Holoprosencephaly
Congenital hydrocephalus
Clinical cases
Key terms
Suggested readings
Chapter 3: Gross anatomy of the brain
Brain divisions
Cerebral hemispheres
Lobes
Functions of the cerebrum
Hemisphere dominance
Cerebral cortex
Cerebral white matter
Basal nuclei
Diencephalon
Brainstem
Cerebellum
Clinical considerations
Encephalitis
Pathophysiology
Clinical manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Brain abscess
Pathophysiology
Clinical manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Fungal meningoencephalitis
Helminthic brain infections
Protozoal brain diseases
Clinical cases
Key terms
Suggested readings
Chapter 4: Meninges and ventricles
Meninges
Dura mater and dural folds
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater
Barrier function of the arachnoid mater.

Dural nerve supply
Pain sensation in the dura mater
Dural arterial supply
Dural venous sinuses
Meninges of the spinal cord
The spinal dura mater
The spinal arachnoid mater
The spinal pia mater
Ventricles
Lateral ventricles
Third ventricle
Fourth ventricle
Cerebrospinal fluid
Formation and circulation of cerebrospinal fluid
Clinical considerations
Meningitis
Acute bacterial meningitis
Pathophysiology
Clinical manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Viral meningitis
Pathophysiology
Clinical manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Chronic meningitis
Pathophysiology
Clinical manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Chronic bacterial meningoencephalitis
Tuberculosis
Neurosyphilis
Neuroborreliosis (lyme disease)
Hydrocephalus
Pathophysiology
Clinical manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Meningioma
Pathophysiology
Clinical manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Clinical cases
Key terms
Suggested readings
Chapter 5: Blood supply of the CNS
Arteries of the brain
Carotid arteries
Vertebral and basilar arteries
Cerebral arterial circle
Meningeal arteries
Veins of the brain
Superficial veins
Deep veins
Venous dural sinuses
Cavernous sinus
Arteries of the spinal cord
Venous drainage of the spinal cord
Clinical considerations
Thrombosis
Pathophysiology
Clinical manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Embolism
Pathophysiology
Clinical manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Stroke
Focal cerebral ischemia
Global cerebral ischemia
Pathophysiology
Clinical manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Ischemic stroke
Pathophysiology
Clinical manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Transient ischemic attack
Pathophysiology
Clinical manifestations
Diagnosis.

Treatment
Epidural hematomas
Subdural hematomas
Pathophysiology
Clinical manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Spinal epidural or subdural hematomas
Pathophysiology
Clinical manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
Pathophysiology
Clinical manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Intracerebral hemorrhage
Pathophysiology
Clinical manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Cerebral aneurysm
Pathophysiology
Clinical manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Spinal cord ischemia
Pathophysiology
Clinical manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Clinical cases
Key terms
Suggested readings
Chapter 6: Cerebral cortex
Cerebrum
Gross anatomy
Cerebral cortex
Neocortex
Functional cerebral cortex areas
Motor areas
Sensory areas
Association areas
Integrative centers and higher mental functions
Specialized language areas
Prefrontal cortex
Hemispheric lateralization
Electroencephalogram
Brain waves
Alpha waves
Beta waves
Theta waves
Delta waves
Split-brain syndrome
White matter of the cerebrum
Higher cortical functions
Memory
Brain regions used in memory
Cellular memory formation and storage
States of consciousness
Apraxia
Aphasia
Dysprosodies
Clinical considerations
Alzheimer's disease
Pathophysiology
Clinical manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Delirium and dementia
Pathophysiology
Clinical manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prion diseases
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
Pathophysiology
Clinical manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker disease
Fatal insomnia
Kuru
Seizure disorders
Pathophysiology
Clinical manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Sleep disorders
Pathophysiology
Diagnosis.

Treatment
Insomnia
Pathophysiology
Clinical manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Sleep apnea
Pathophysiology
Clinical manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Narcolepsy
Pathophysiology
Clinical manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Idiopathic hypersomnia
Parasomnias
Restless legs syndrome
Pathophysiology
Clinical manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Headache
Pathophysiology
Clinical manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Clinical cases
Key terms
Suggested readings
Chapter 7: Basal nuclei
Structure of the basal nuclei
Functional considerations
Clinical considerations
Parkinson's disease
Pathophysiology
Clinical manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Parkinsonism
Pathophysiology
Clinical manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Huntington's chorea
Pathophysiology
Clinical manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Hemiballismus
Pathophysiology
Clinical manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Essential tremor
Pathophysiology
Clinical manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Dystonias
Pathophysiology
Clinical manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Clinical cases
Key terms
Suggested readings
Chapter 8: Diencephalon: Thalamus and hypothalamus
Epithalamus
Pineal gland
Habenular nuclei
Thalamus
Subthalamus
Subthalamic nucleus
Zona incerta
Hypothalamus
Hypothalamic-releasing hormones
Neurohypophysis
Blood supply to the diencephalon
Internal capsule
Functions of the thalamic nuclei and their major connections
Functional considerations of the hypothalamus
Regulation of the autonomic nervous system
Clinical considerations
Hypothalamic syndromes
Pathophysiology
Clinical manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Diabetes insipidus
Pathophysiology.

Clinical manifestations.