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Table of Contents
Front Cover
Comparative Kinesiology of the Human Body
Copyright Page
Dedication
Contents
List of contributors
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
1 History and basics of kinesiology
1 Past, present and future of kinesiology
Historical perspective of the kinesiology studies
Development of kinesiology in modern age
Kinesiology in 21st century and beyond
References
2 Principles of kinesiology
Basic information
Introduction to kinesiology
Cardinal plane and axes of motion
Motion
Mathematical fundamentals
Units of measure
Scalars and vectors
Scalar quantities
Vector quantities
Vector analysis
Trigonometric functions
Kinematics
Kinetics
Forces
Resultant force
Types of forces
Gravity
Muscles
Friction
Externally applied resistances
Torque
Center of gravity
Free body diagram
Newton's laws
First law (inertia)
Second law (acceleration and momentum)
Third law (action-reaction)
Levers
First class lever
Second class lever
Third class lever
Equilibrium
References
3 Fundamentals of human movement, its control and energetics
How does a purposeful movement start?
Neural control mechanisms of reflex and purposeful movements
Central nervous system
Motor cortex
Basal ganglia
Cerebellum
Peripheral nervous system
Neurons
Synapses
Somatosensory systems
Cutaneous receptors (mechanoreceptors)
Proprioceptive receptors
Muscle spindles
Golgi tendon organs and joint receptors
Motor systems
Type of movements
Reflex pathways
Automatic behaviors
Energetics in human movement
Metabolic and mechanical energy sources of terrestrial movement
Energetics and mechanics of terrestrial locomotion
Comparison of bipedal and quadrupedal locomotion.
Mechanical and metabolic energy cost of walking and running
Measurement methods of energy consumption
Doubly labeled water (DLW) method
Direct calorimetry
Indirect calorimetry
Conclusion
References
4 Architecture of human joints and their movement
Classification of joints
Joint complexity
Functional classification of joints
Structural classification of joints
Fibrous joint
Cartilaginous joint
Synovial joint
Hinge joint
Pivot joint
Condyloid joint
Saddle joint
Ball and socket joint
Plane joint
Planes of movement and axis of rotation in synovial joints
Degree of freedom
Synovial joint sub-classification
Osteokinematics and arthrokinematics
Convex and concave rules
Open and closed kinematic chains
Joint congruency
Congruous-incongruous relationships of joints
Patho-architecture of joints
Diseases of joints
References
2 Tissues
5 Morphogenesis and biomechanics of the human embryo and fetus
Embryologic development
Development of muscloskeletal system
Molecular mechanisms of muscloskeletal development
Transcription factors
Homeobox containing genes and the homeodomain proteins
T-box gene family
Helix loop helix transcription factors
Zinc finger transcription factors
Signaling molecules
Transforming growth factor-b family
Fibroblast growth factor family
Hedgehog family
Wnt family
Receptor molecules
Biomechanics of human uterus, embryo and fetus
Mechanical features
Measuring mechanical features of the embryo and fetus
References
6 Architecture of bone tissue and its adaptation to pathological conditions
Introduction
Macroscopic Bone Types
Cortical (Compact) Bone
Trabecular (Spongy) Bone
Microstructure of the Bone
Bone architecture
Mature bone (compact and spongy).
Immature (woven) bone
Gross Anatomy of Bone
Periosteum and Endosteum
Composition of the bone tissue
Cells of the bone tissue
Osteoprogenitor cells
Osteoblasts
Bone lining cells
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts
Extracellular matrix of the bone tissue
Inorganic extracellular matrix
Organic extracellular matrix
Fibrillar organic matrix
Non-fibrillar organic matrix
Mechanical Properties of Bone
Bone as a composite natural material
Biomechanical behavior of bone
Bone behavior under different loading situations
Compression
Tension
Shear
Torsion
Bending
Bone tissue in different life stages
Development of bone tissue
Membranous ossification
Endochondral ossification
Remodeling
Adaptation of the bone tissue to pathological conditions
Apoptotic response by bone cells
Osteoclastogenesis
Angiogenesis
Osteolysis and mineralization
Bone formation
Clinical approaches
Osteoporosis (OP)
Osteomyelitis
Osteoarthritis (OA)
Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI)
Conclusion
References
7 Architecture of cartilage tissue and its adaptation to pathological conditions
Introduction
Microstructure of the cartilage
Layers
Superficial zone
Transitional zone
Middle zone
Calcified cartilage zone
Matrix regions
Pericellular matrix
Territorial matrix
Interterritorial matrix
Chondrocytes
Extracellular matrix
Tissue fluid
Proteoglycans
Collagens
Glycoproteins and other non-collagen proteins
Mechanical properties of the cartilage
Theories and the fluid flow
Cartilage tissue in different life stages
Adaptation of the cartilage to pathological conditions
References
8 Architecture of muscle tissue and its adaptation to pathological conditions
Introduction
Microstructure of the muscle tissue.
Basic architectural definitions
Mechanical properties of the muscle
Muscles of the upper limb
Muscles of the lower limb
Muscles of the shoulder
Muscles of the trunk
Muscles of the pelvic floor
Muscle tissue in different life stages
Effect of aging
Effect of childhood
Architectural adaptation of the muscle to pathological conditions
Denervation
Spasticity
Immobilization
Muscle architecture based planning in rehabilitation approaches
Stretching
Strengthening
Neuromuscular electrical stimulation
Tendon transfers
Conclusion
References
9 Architecture of tendon and ligament and their adaptation to pathological conditions
Introduction
Architecture of tendons
Structure
Composition and biochemical constituents
Function
Biomechanics and mechanical properties
Vascular supply
Neural structures
Summary of tendon architecture
Tendon response to loading, injury, and healing
Physiological responses to mechanical loading and injury
Mechanical loading and adaptation concept
Tendon injury and pathology
Tendinopathy
Tendon rupture
Tendon healing
Optimal loading and rehabilitation
Architecture of ligaments
Structure
Composition and biochemical constituents
Function
Biomechanics and material properties
Vascular supply
Neural structures
Summary of ligament architecture
Ligament response to loading, injury, and healing
Response to mechanical loading and injury
Ligament healing
Optimal loading and rehabilitation
Comparison of tendons and ligaments
Affecting factors for the architectures of tendons and ligaments
Aging
Gender and hormones
Immobilization, disuse and exercise effects
Obesity
Diabetes mellitus
Hypercholesterolemia
Hyperuricemia
Renal disease
Connective tissue disorders.
Pharmacologic agents
Reconstruction and tissue engineering
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Further reading
10 Architecture of fascia and its adaptation to pathological conditions
Introduction
Fascia
Biomechanics of fascia
Function of fascia
Effect of fascia on emotion
Effect of surgery on fascia
The role of fascia in proprioception
Fascial pathologies
Hypermobility
The plantar fasciitis
Frozen shoulder
Diabetic foot
Trigger points
References
3 Upper extremity
11 Kinesiology of the shoulder complex
Introduction
Bones of the shoulder complex
Clavicle
Scapula
Proximal-mid humerus
Sternum
Joints of shoulder complex
Sternoclavicular joint
Kinematics
Acromioclavicular joint
Kinematics
Scapulothoracic joint
Kinematics
Glenohumeral joint
Adhesive capsulitis
Kinematics
Subacromial impingement syndrome and scapulohumeral rhythm
Glenohumeral internal rotation deficit (GIRD)
Muscles of shoulder complex
Proximal stabilizers
Axioscapular and axioclavicular muscles
Trapezius muscle (upper portion)
Levator scapulae muscle
Rhomboid major and minor muscles
Trapezius muscle (lower portion)
Pectoralis minor muscle
Subclavius muscle
The scapulothoracic joint adductors
Trapezius muscle (middle portion) (Fig. 11.33)
The scapulothoracic joint abductors (Fig. 11.34)
Serratus anterior muscle
Distal mobilizers
Scapulohumeral muscles
The arm elevators
Deltoid muscle (anterior and middle portion) (Fig. 11.38)
Supraspinatus muscle
Coracobrachialis muscle
Biceps brachii (long head) muscle
Infraspinatus muscle
Teres minor muscle
Subscapularis muscle
The arm adductors
Deltoid muscle (posterior portion) (Fig. 11.37)
Teres major muscle
The arm rotators
Axiohumeral muscles.
Pectoralis major muscle.
Comparative Kinesiology of the Human Body
Copyright Page
Dedication
Contents
List of contributors
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
1 History and basics of kinesiology
1 Past, present and future of kinesiology
Historical perspective of the kinesiology studies
Development of kinesiology in modern age
Kinesiology in 21st century and beyond
References
2 Principles of kinesiology
Basic information
Introduction to kinesiology
Cardinal plane and axes of motion
Motion
Mathematical fundamentals
Units of measure
Scalars and vectors
Scalar quantities
Vector quantities
Vector analysis
Trigonometric functions
Kinematics
Kinetics
Forces
Resultant force
Types of forces
Gravity
Muscles
Friction
Externally applied resistances
Torque
Center of gravity
Free body diagram
Newton's laws
First law (inertia)
Second law (acceleration and momentum)
Third law (action-reaction)
Levers
First class lever
Second class lever
Third class lever
Equilibrium
References
3 Fundamentals of human movement, its control and energetics
How does a purposeful movement start?
Neural control mechanisms of reflex and purposeful movements
Central nervous system
Motor cortex
Basal ganglia
Cerebellum
Peripheral nervous system
Neurons
Synapses
Somatosensory systems
Cutaneous receptors (mechanoreceptors)
Proprioceptive receptors
Muscle spindles
Golgi tendon organs and joint receptors
Motor systems
Type of movements
Reflex pathways
Automatic behaviors
Energetics in human movement
Metabolic and mechanical energy sources of terrestrial movement
Energetics and mechanics of terrestrial locomotion
Comparison of bipedal and quadrupedal locomotion.
Mechanical and metabolic energy cost of walking and running
Measurement methods of energy consumption
Doubly labeled water (DLW) method
Direct calorimetry
Indirect calorimetry
Conclusion
References
4 Architecture of human joints and their movement
Classification of joints
Joint complexity
Functional classification of joints
Structural classification of joints
Fibrous joint
Cartilaginous joint
Synovial joint
Hinge joint
Pivot joint
Condyloid joint
Saddle joint
Ball and socket joint
Plane joint
Planes of movement and axis of rotation in synovial joints
Degree of freedom
Synovial joint sub-classification
Osteokinematics and arthrokinematics
Convex and concave rules
Open and closed kinematic chains
Joint congruency
Congruous-incongruous relationships of joints
Patho-architecture of joints
Diseases of joints
References
2 Tissues
5 Morphogenesis and biomechanics of the human embryo and fetus
Embryologic development
Development of muscloskeletal system
Molecular mechanisms of muscloskeletal development
Transcription factors
Homeobox containing genes and the homeodomain proteins
T-box gene family
Helix loop helix transcription factors
Zinc finger transcription factors
Signaling molecules
Transforming growth factor-b family
Fibroblast growth factor family
Hedgehog family
Wnt family
Receptor molecules
Biomechanics of human uterus, embryo and fetus
Mechanical features
Measuring mechanical features of the embryo and fetus
References
6 Architecture of bone tissue and its adaptation to pathological conditions
Introduction
Macroscopic Bone Types
Cortical (Compact) Bone
Trabecular (Spongy) Bone
Microstructure of the Bone
Bone architecture
Mature bone (compact and spongy).
Immature (woven) bone
Gross Anatomy of Bone
Periosteum and Endosteum
Composition of the bone tissue
Cells of the bone tissue
Osteoprogenitor cells
Osteoblasts
Bone lining cells
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts
Extracellular matrix of the bone tissue
Inorganic extracellular matrix
Organic extracellular matrix
Fibrillar organic matrix
Non-fibrillar organic matrix
Mechanical Properties of Bone
Bone as a composite natural material
Biomechanical behavior of bone
Bone behavior under different loading situations
Compression
Tension
Shear
Torsion
Bending
Bone tissue in different life stages
Development of bone tissue
Membranous ossification
Endochondral ossification
Remodeling
Adaptation of the bone tissue to pathological conditions
Apoptotic response by bone cells
Osteoclastogenesis
Angiogenesis
Osteolysis and mineralization
Bone formation
Clinical approaches
Osteoporosis (OP)
Osteomyelitis
Osteoarthritis (OA)
Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI)
Conclusion
References
7 Architecture of cartilage tissue and its adaptation to pathological conditions
Introduction
Microstructure of the cartilage
Layers
Superficial zone
Transitional zone
Middle zone
Calcified cartilage zone
Matrix regions
Pericellular matrix
Territorial matrix
Interterritorial matrix
Chondrocytes
Extracellular matrix
Tissue fluid
Proteoglycans
Collagens
Glycoproteins and other non-collagen proteins
Mechanical properties of the cartilage
Theories and the fluid flow
Cartilage tissue in different life stages
Adaptation of the cartilage to pathological conditions
References
8 Architecture of muscle tissue and its adaptation to pathological conditions
Introduction
Microstructure of the muscle tissue.
Basic architectural definitions
Mechanical properties of the muscle
Muscles of the upper limb
Muscles of the lower limb
Muscles of the shoulder
Muscles of the trunk
Muscles of the pelvic floor
Muscle tissue in different life stages
Effect of aging
Effect of childhood
Architectural adaptation of the muscle to pathological conditions
Denervation
Spasticity
Immobilization
Muscle architecture based planning in rehabilitation approaches
Stretching
Strengthening
Neuromuscular electrical stimulation
Tendon transfers
Conclusion
References
9 Architecture of tendon and ligament and their adaptation to pathological conditions
Introduction
Architecture of tendons
Structure
Composition and biochemical constituents
Function
Biomechanics and mechanical properties
Vascular supply
Neural structures
Summary of tendon architecture
Tendon response to loading, injury, and healing
Physiological responses to mechanical loading and injury
Mechanical loading and adaptation concept
Tendon injury and pathology
Tendinopathy
Tendon rupture
Tendon healing
Optimal loading and rehabilitation
Architecture of ligaments
Structure
Composition and biochemical constituents
Function
Biomechanics and material properties
Vascular supply
Neural structures
Summary of ligament architecture
Ligament response to loading, injury, and healing
Response to mechanical loading and injury
Ligament healing
Optimal loading and rehabilitation
Comparison of tendons and ligaments
Affecting factors for the architectures of tendons and ligaments
Aging
Gender and hormones
Immobilization, disuse and exercise effects
Obesity
Diabetes mellitus
Hypercholesterolemia
Hyperuricemia
Renal disease
Connective tissue disorders.
Pharmacologic agents
Reconstruction and tissue engineering
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Further reading
10 Architecture of fascia and its adaptation to pathological conditions
Introduction
Fascia
Biomechanics of fascia
Function of fascia
Effect of fascia on emotion
Effect of surgery on fascia
The role of fascia in proprioception
Fascial pathologies
Hypermobility
The plantar fasciitis
Frozen shoulder
Diabetic foot
Trigger points
References
3 Upper extremity
11 Kinesiology of the shoulder complex
Introduction
Bones of the shoulder complex
Clavicle
Scapula
Proximal-mid humerus
Sternum
Joints of shoulder complex
Sternoclavicular joint
Kinematics
Acromioclavicular joint
Kinematics
Scapulothoracic joint
Kinematics
Glenohumeral joint
Adhesive capsulitis
Kinematics
Subacromial impingement syndrome and scapulohumeral rhythm
Glenohumeral internal rotation deficit (GIRD)
Muscles of shoulder complex
Proximal stabilizers
Axioscapular and axioclavicular muscles
Trapezius muscle (upper portion)
Levator scapulae muscle
Rhomboid major and minor muscles
Trapezius muscle (lower portion)
Pectoralis minor muscle
Subclavius muscle
The scapulothoracic joint adductors
Trapezius muscle (middle portion) (Fig. 11.33)
The scapulothoracic joint abductors (Fig. 11.34)
Serratus anterior muscle
Distal mobilizers
Scapulohumeral muscles
The arm elevators
Deltoid muscle (anterior and middle portion) (Fig. 11.38)
Supraspinatus muscle
Coracobrachialis muscle
Biceps brachii (long head) muscle
Infraspinatus muscle
Teres minor muscle
Subscapularis muscle
The arm adductors
Deltoid muscle (posterior portion) (Fig. 11.37)
Teres major muscle
The arm rotators
Axiohumeral muscles.
Pectoralis major muscle.